{"product_id":"aphorismorvm-genvina-lectio","title":"APHORISMORVM GENVINA LECTIO,","description":"\u003cp\u003eHIPPOCRATIS APHORISMORVM GENVINA lectio, ab eruditis omnibus mirÃ¨ desiderata. Eorundem fidelis interpretatio, cum Galeni censura in eos omneis, minus erant absoluti. His accesserunt Adnotationes in Cor. Celsum, ne tanti uiri authoritas officeret ijs, qui memoria essent Aphorismos complexuri. Trium Galeni de Diebus decretorijs librorum Epitome, quiae \u0026amp; una est ex illis Adnotationibus. PER IOANEM MORIsotum medicum. BASILEÃ†. [CÃ³lofon]: BASILEÃ†, EX OFFIcina Ioannis Oporini, Anno Salutis M.D.XLVII. [1547] Mense Octobri.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 8.Âº de 16,5x10,5 cm. Com [xi], 138 [i.e. 136], [iii], [ii em br.] pÃ¡gs. EncadernaÃ§Ã£o de fins do sÃ©culo XVI, inteira de marroquim vermelho, com nervos e belos ferros a ouro e a seco, que formam uma moldura, em cada pasta, com por vÃ¡rios filetes simples a seco e dois a ouro, e com dois motivos vegetalistas em cada canto. Ao centro da pasta anterior estÃ¡ um super-libros com o trigrama sagrado geralmente usado pela Companhia de Jesus (IHS) e na posterior um Ã­cone de Nossa Senhora segurando o menino Jesus. Na lombada contam-se quatro flores-de-lis, uma em cada casa. Cortes das folhas dourados.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlustrado com uma xilogravura na pÃ¡gina 91, incluÃ­da nas anotaÃ§Ãµes de Jean Morisot sobre CornÃ©lio Celso, que representa a teoria dos dias crÃ­ticos (\u003cem\u003edies critici\u003c\/em\u003e), um conceito central na medicina antiga.Â Â \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImpressÃ£o em caracteres redondos e alguns itÃ¡licos, ornamentada com quatro iniciais decoradas, gravadas em madeira na dedicatÃ³ria (segunda folha nÃ£o numerada), na pÃ¡gina 1, 51 e 52. A primeira apresenta uma figura antropomÃ³rfica que luta para se desembaraÃ§ar de ramos e as restantes com motivos vegetalistas e tipogrÃ¡ficos. Trabalho doÂ famoso tipÃ³grafoÂ de Basileia,Â Johannes Oporinus, apresenta uma qualidade tipogrÃ¡fica notÃ¡vel, com uma organizaÃ§Ã£o visual que facilita a leitura e o estudo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExemplar com etiqueta da Livraria Â«O Mundo do LivroÂ», Largo da Trindade, Lisboa, no verso da pasta anterior; anotaÃ§Ãµes coevas no verso das pastas, uma delas a descoberto e duas tapadas, com as letras invertidas, o que sugere que as guardas originais terÃ£o sido coladas Ã s pastas; comentÃ¡rios Ã  obra em letra coeva, por outra mÃ£o, nas folhas de guarda e na posterior uma assinatura de TomÃ© Amenterii em letra do sÃ©culo XVII; e carimbos oleogrÃ¡ficos da Biblioteca dos Â«LaboratÃ³rios Atral, Lda.Â» na segunda folha em branco, na folha de rosto e nas pÃ¡ginas 25 e 105. Foram escritos os nÃºmeros 2 a 7 na margem superior das pÃ¡ginas 58 a 138, de forma a sinalizar mais facilmente a divisÃ£o da obra em sete capÃ­tulos, apenas na traduÃ§Ã£o em latim. Apresenta leves manchas de humidade no pÃ© de algumas folhas e dois pequenos furos de traÃ§a junto ao festo das folhas, que nunca atingem a mancha tipogrÃ¡fica, um deles atravessando todas as folhas e o outro apenas nas primeiras 50 pÃ¡ginas. EncadernaÃ§Ã£o restaurada com reforÃ§os de pele na lombada e nos cantos das pastas. As folhas de guarda foram renovadas e foram adicionadas 9 folhas em branco ao inÃ­cio e 25 no final, destinadas a anotaÃ§Ãµes, mas todas elas em branco.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalto numeraÃ§Ã£o da pÃ¡gina 37 para a 40, por erro do impressor, no entanto, a obra estÃ¡ completa.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRarÃ­ssima ediÃ§Ã£o renascentista dos Aforismos de HipÃ³crates. SÃ³ existem 12 exemplares conhecidos em bilbiotecas pÃºblicas em todo o mundo. Destaca-se pela sua abordagem filolÃ³gica e crÃ­tica, oferecendo uma interpretaÃ§Ã£o erudita pioneira do texto hipocrÃ¡tico. Ã‰Â um livro essencial para a histÃ³ria da tipografia o sÃ©culo XVI, para o estudo da medicina hipocrÃ¡tica e, em sentido lato, para a histÃ³ria da medicina.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJean Morisot nÃ£o se limita a apresentar uma traduÃ§Ã£o dos Aforismos. Assume o papel de editor e crÃ­tico, combinando o texto original grego com uma traduÃ§Ã£o latina fiel, enriquecida pelos comentÃ¡rios crÃ­ticos de Galeno e um resumo dos seus livros sobre os Â«Dias CrÃ­ticosÂ», e anotaÃ§Ãµes adicionais que relacionam os Aforismos com os ensinamentos de CornÃ©lio Celso.Â \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA xilogravura da pÃ¡gina 91 facilita a compreensÃ£o da teoria dos dias crÃ­ticos (\u003cem\u003edies critici\u003c\/em\u003e), um conceito central na medicina antiga, que defendia a existÃªncia de momentos especÃ­ficos durante o curso de uma doenÃ§a que determinavam a probabilidade de crise ou recuperaÃ§Ã£o, conforme discutido tanto por Celso quanto por HipÃ³crates e Galeno. O diagrama relaciona os dias crÃ­ticos, como o 3.Âº, 7.Âº e 14.Âº, ao ciclo lunar e aos signos do zodÃ­aco, sugerindo que a influÃªncia astral e os ciclos naturais desempenhavam um papel crucial no desenvolvimento e prognÃ³stico das doenÃ§as. A combinaÃ§Ã£o destes elementos visuais reflete a complexa teia de conhecimentos e crenÃ§as que moldavam a prÃ¡tica mÃ©dica na Ã©poca, ilustrando a tentativa de integrar os saberes astronÃ³micos, astrolÃ³gicos e mÃ©dicos num sistema interpretativo e preditivo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePÃ¡ginas preliminares com prefÃ¡cio em latim de Jean Morisot, datado de 1540. Segue-se a versÃ£o em grego dos Aforismos entre as pÃ¡ginas 1 e 50. Na pÃ¡gina 51, Â«PeroratioÂ» em latim. A partir da pÃ¡gina 52 encontra-se a versÃ£o latina anotada. Ãšltimas 3 pÃ¡ginas nÃ£o numeradas com um epigrama de 8 versos de Jean Morisot; um aviso editorial do impressor em 10 linhas, com uma errata de outra obra de Morisot - Â«ParadoxaÂ»; e o cÃ³lofon com a informaÃ§Ã£o do impressor e data de impressÃ£o.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo prefÃ¡cio, Jean Morisot apresenta a sua ediÃ§Ã£o dos Aforismos de HipÃ³crates como um esforÃ§o para restituir a obra Ã  sua pureza original, livre das interpolaÃ§Ãµes e adulteraÃ§Ãµes que, segundo ele, corromperam o legado do Â«pai da medicinaÂ». O estudioso direciona crÃ­ticas contundentes aos comentadores e tradutores anteriores, acusando-os de negligÃªncia, plÃ¡gio e atÃ© mesmo de distorcerem o texto original para promoverem agendas prÃ³prias. Em particular, destaca a figura de Gaza, a quem acusa de plagiar o autor de um comentÃ¡rio erroneamente atribuÃ­do a Oribasio, e lamenta a ausÃªncia de uma traduÃ§Ã£o latina completa e fiel dos comentÃ¡rios de Galeno, essenciais para a correta compreensÃ£o dos Aforismos. A ediÃ§Ã£o de Morisot, portanto, emerge como um ato de restauraÃ§Ã£o, um esforÃ§o para devolver aos estudantes de medicina um HipÃ³crates autÃªntico, liberto das nÃ©voas da histÃ³ria e acessÃ­vel Ã  compreensÃ£o.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOs \u003cem\u003eAforismos\u003c\/em\u003e, escritos entre o final do sÃ©culo V e meados do sÃ©culo IV a.C., sÃ£o o texto mais famoso do \u003cem\u003eCorpus Hippocraticum\u003c\/em\u003e, uma sÃ©rie de tratados escritos em dialeto jÃ³nico que estÃ£o fortemente ligados aos ensinamentos de HipÃ³crates, sendo que vÃ¡rios foram escritos por outros autores e inclusivÃ© de escolas distintas da sua Escola de CÃ³s. Contudo Ã© comum atribuir-se a autoria dos Aforismos ao prÃ³prio HipÃ³crates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDividem-se em sete partes e sÃ£o essencialmente uma coleÃ§Ã£o de breves proposiÃ§Ãµes mÃ©dicas sobre sintomas, diagnÃ³sticos e a arte de curar. O famoso primeiro aforismo dita: Â«\u003cem\u003eA vida Ã© breve, a arte Ã© longa, a ocasiÃ£o Ã© fugaz e perigosa, a experiÃªncia Ã© enganosa e o julgamento Ã© difÃ­cil. NÃ£o basta que o mÃ©dico esteja preparado para fazer o que lhe compete; tambÃ©m os doentes, os assistentes e todas as circunstÃ¢ncias externas devem estar devidamente preparados para a tarefa.\u003c\/em\u003eÂ», onde se deve entender Â«arteÂ» (do grego Ï„Î­Ï‡Î½Î· - techne) como a Â«arte mÃ©dicaÂ» ou a Â«ciÃªncia da medicinaÂ».\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInicialmente restrito Ã  medicina, o termo comeÃ§ou a ser aplicado a outros campos, como a arte, a jurisprudÃªncia e a polÃ­tica, atÃ© adquirir o significado mais amplo de expressÃ£o concisa de uma doutrina, princÃ­pio ou verdade amplamente aceita, sendo hoje praticamente um sinÃ³nimo de mÃ¡xima.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA relevÃ¢ncia dos \u003cem\u003eAforismos\u003c\/em\u003e ao longo da histÃ³ria Ã© atestada pelos comentÃ¡rios escritos por Galeno (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e. 130-200) e OrÃ­bÃ¡sio de PÃ©rgamo (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e. 325-400), os 150 manuscritos gregos sobreviventes, os cerca de 70 manuscritos Ã¡rabes, os mais de 200 manuscritos latinos e os comentÃ¡rios medievais de mÃ©dicos famosos como Pedro de Espanha, Burgundio de Pisa, Taddeo Alderotti, Ugo Benzi e outros. A obra desempenhou um papel essencial no ensino da medicina na Idade MÃ©dia, sendo adotada pelas faculdades de medicina de Paris, NÃ¡poles, PÃ¡dua, Bolonha e Montpellier, para mencionar apenas as mais distintas. Contribuiu para esta disseminaÃ§Ã£o a famosa traduÃ§Ã£o latina a partir do Ã¡rabe, com o comentÃ¡rio de Galeno, feita por Constantino, o Africano, no sÃ©culo XI. A primeira versÃ£o latina impressa Ã© de Veneza, em 1483. Deve-se a Jean Morisot, em 1547, a primeira ediÃ§Ã£o crÃ­tica que colige uma traduÃ§Ã£o fiel em latim e comentÃ¡rios de sua autoria com o texto original em grego e os apontamentos de Galeno. Com uma abordagem acadÃ©mica e completa, representou um importante passo na recuperaÃ§Ã£o e estudo da medicina hipocrÃ¡tica durante o Renascimento.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIPÃ“CRATES\u003c\/strong\u003e (CÃ³s, ca. 460 - Larissa, ca. 370 a.C.) Ã© amplamente reconhecido como o Â«pai da medicinaÂ» pela sua abordagem sistemÃ¡tica e cientÃ­fica Ã  prÃ¡tica mÃ©dica. Nascido na ilha de CÃ³s, na GrÃ©cia Antiga, escreveu e inspirou numerosas obras mÃ©dicas, incluindo os famosos \u003cem\u003eAforismos\u003c\/em\u003e e o \u003cem\u003eJuramento de HipÃ³crates\u003c\/em\u003e, que ainda influenciam a Ã©tica mÃ©dica moderna. HipÃ³crates defendia que as doenÃ§as tinham causas naturais, nÃ£o sobrenaturais, e enfatizava a observaÃ§Ã£o clÃ­nica e o equilÃ­brio dos quatro humores no tratamento dos pacientes. A sua influÃªncia influenciou a medicina durante sÃ©culos, tanto no mundo antigo quanto no renascimento europeu.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJEAN MORISOT\u003c\/strong\u003e (Dole (Jura), ca. 1510 - ca. 1580), ou Ioannes Morisotus, foi mÃ©dico, humanista francÃªs e escritor prolÃ­fico, embora pouco conhecido. Estudou medicina na Universidade de Dole e escreveu mais de cinquenta obras, das quais apenas sete foram publicadas. A sua obra abrange vÃ¡rios campos, incluindo medicina, matemÃ¡tica, filosofia e teologia, tanto em prosa quanto em verso, em latim e grego.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlÃ©m da presente obra (Aphorismorum Hippocratis genuina lectio (1547)), Morisot destacou-se tambÃ©m como editor dos \u003cem\u003eParadoxa\u003c\/em\u003e de CÃ­cero, publicados em 1547 por Oporinus, onde incluiu a versÃ£o grega em confronto com a latina, acompanhada de comentÃ¡rios crÃ­ticos. Admirador fervoroso de CÃ­cero, Morisot envolveu-se em controvÃ©rsias com Erasmo, um crÃ­tico do autor romano, no contexto da querela ciceroniana - um debate renascentista entre humanistas que defendiam a imitaÃ§Ã£o rigorosa do estilo de CÃ­cero como modelo de perfeiÃ§Ã£o e aqueles que, como Erasmo, criticavam essa rigidez em favor de um uso mais flexÃ­vel e adaptativo do latim.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublicou em 1549 \u003cem\u003eDe parechemate contra Ciceronis calumniatores Joannis morisoti medici colloquiorum libri quatuor, ad Constantinum filium\u003c\/em\u003e, um tratado em que rebate as crÃ­ticas a uma figura de linguagem censurada por Erasmo, junto com uma coleÃ§Ã£o de diÃ¡logos inspirada nos \u003cem\u003eColloquia Familiaria\u003c\/em\u003e de Erasmo, que abordam temas como educaÃ§Ã£o, moral e vida quotidiana. Morisot acusou Erasmo de paganismo e de atacar injustamente CÃ­cero, o que levou os teÃ³logos da Sorbonne a condenar os seus \u003cem\u003eColloquia\u003c\/em\u003e e incluÃ­-los no \u003cem\u003eIndex Librorum Prohibitorum\u003c\/em\u003e em 1556. Entre as suas obras mais pessoais, destaca-se \u003cem\u003eLiber amatorius\u003c\/em\u003e, dedicado Ã  sua esposa, Claudia de Marenche.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCLÃUDIO GALENO\u003c\/strong\u003e (PÃ©rgamo, ca. 129 â€“ PÃ©rgamo, ca. 201 d.C.), mÃ©dico, filÃ³sofo e polÃ­mata, nasceu em PÃ©rgamo, na Ãsia Menor, e tornou-se um dos mais influentes mÃ©dicos da antiguidade. Combinando a tradiÃ§Ã£o hipocrÃ¡tica com o seu prÃ³prio sistema mÃ©dico, Galeno expandiu o conceito dos quatro humores e desenvolveu uma vasta obra que abrangeu temas como anatomia, farmacologia e filosofia. Serviu como mÃ©dico de imperadores romanos e deixou um legado que dominou a prÃ¡tica mÃ©dica ocidental e islÃ¢mica por mais de mil anos. As suas obras, traduzidas e comentadas por autores renascentistas, como Jean Morisot, continuam a ser estudadas pelos interessados em histÃ³ria da medicina.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCORNÃ‰LIO CELSO\u003c\/strong\u003e (sÃ©culo I d.C.) CornÃ©lio Celso foi um enciclopedista romano do inÃ­cio do sÃ©culo I d.C., conhecido principalmente pela obra Â«De MedicinaÂ», que Ã© uma das poucas partes preservadas da sua enciclopÃ©dia abrangente. Â«De MedicinaÂ» aborda prÃ¡ticas mÃ©dicas da Ã©poca, incluindo cirurgia, dietÃ©tica e farmacologia, e Ã© uma das principais fontes para entender a tradiÃ§Ã£o mÃ©dica greco-romana. Celso nÃ£o era mÃ©dico, mas a sua obra mostra um profundo conhecimento do pensamento mÃ©dico antigo, reunindo ideias de HipÃ³crates e outras figuras clÃ¡ssicas. Ã‰ frequentemente citado como uma ponte essencial entre a medicina grega e romana.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJOHANN OPORINUS\u003c\/strong\u003e (Basileia, 1507 â€“ 1568), ou Ioannes Oporinus, foi um cÃ©lebre impressor renascentista de ativo durante o sÃ©culo XVI. Formado em humanidades e medicina, trabalhou como professor de grego antes de se dedicar Ã  tipografia. Tornou-se um dos mais prestigiados tipÃ³grafos do seu tempo, conhecido pela impressÃ£o de obras clÃ¡ssicas, cientÃ­ficas e mÃ©dicas de grande relevÃ¢ncia. A sua oficina foi responsÃ¡vel por publicaÃ§Ãµes de destaque, como a primeira traduÃ§Ã£o latina completa do Â«AlcorÃ£oÂ» e ediÃ§Ãµes de autores como HipÃ³crates, Galeno e CÃ­cero. Oporinus Ã© reconhecido pela sua precisÃ£o tÃ©cnica, rigor filolÃ³gico e importante contribuiÃ§Ã£o para o renascimento da tradiÃ§Ã£o clÃ¡ssica na Europa.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn octavo. 16.5x10.5 cm. [xi], 138 [i.e. 136], [iii], [ii in bl.] pp. Artistic binding from the end of the 16th century, entirely in red morocco, with raised bands and beautiful gilt and blind tooled. These make up a beautiful frame in each board, formed by several simple blind fillets and two gilt ones, with two plant motifs in each corner. In the centre of the front board is a super-libris with the sacred trigram usually used of the Society of Jesus (IHS) and on the back an icon of Our Lady holding the baby Jesus. On the spine there are four fleurs-de-lis, one in each house. Gilt edges.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIllustrated with a woodcut on page 91, included in Jean Morisot's notes on Cornelius Celsus, which represents the theory of critical days (\u003cem\u003edies critici\u003c\/em\u003e), a central concept in ancient medicine that argued that there were specific moments during the course of a disease that determined the likelihood of crisis or recovery, as discussed by Celsus as well as Hippocrates and Galen. The diagram relates the critical days, such as the 3rd, 7th and 14th, to the lunar cycle and the signs of the zodiac, suggesting that astral influence and natural cycles played a crucial role in the development and prognosis of diseases. The combination of these visual elements reflects the complex web of knowledge and beliefs that shaped contemporary medical practice, illustrating the attempt to integrate astronomical, astrological and medical knowledge into an interpretive and predictive system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrinted in round characters and some italics, decorated with four woodcut decorated initials, on the dedication (second unnumbered page), on page 1, 51 and 52. The first features an anthropomorphic figure struggling to disentangle itself from branches and the others with plant and typographic motifs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopy with a label from the bookshop \"O Mundo do Livro\", Largo da Trindade, Lisbon, on the front pastedown; coeval annotations on the pastedowns, one of them uncovered and two covered, with the letters inverted, which suggests that the original endpapers were glued to the boards; comments on the work in coeval handwriting, by another hand, on the flyleafs and on the back a signature by TomÃ© Amenterii in 17th century handwriting; and oleographic stamps from the Library of \"LaboratÃ³rios Atral, Lda.\"The numbers 2 to 7 have been written in the upper margin of pages 58 to 138, in order to more easily indicate the division of the work into seven chapters, only in the Latin translation. There are slight damp stains at the foot of some leaves and two small moth holes near the bottom of the leaves, which never reach the text area, one of which runs through all the leaves and the other only on the first 50 pages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe binding has been restored, with leather reinforcements on the spine and corners of the boards. The endpapers have been renewed and 9 blank pages have been added at the beginning and 25 at the end, intended for annotations, but all of them blank.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSkip in the numbering from page 37 to 40, due to a printer's error, however, the work is complete.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eABOUT THIS EDITION\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis very rare Renaissance edition of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates stands out for its philological and critical approach, offering a pioneering scholarly interpretation of the Hippocratic text.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJean Morisot doesn't just present a translation of the Aphorisms. He takes on the role of editor and critic, combining the original Greek text with a faithful Latin translation, enriched by Galen's critical comments and a summary of his books on the \"Critical Days\", and additional annotations relating the Aphorisms to the teachings of Cornelius Celsus. Printed by Johannes Oporinus, a famous Basel printer, the work is of remarkable typographic quality, with a visual organisation that makes it easy to read and study.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith only 12 known copies in public libraries around the world, this is an essential book for collectors and a fundamental resource for the study of Hippocratic medicine and, in a broad sense, for the history of medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCONTENT\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreliminary pages with a preface in Latin by Jean Morisot, dated 1540. This is followed by the Greek version of the Aphorisms between pages 1 and 50. On page 51, the \"Peroratio\" in Latin. From page 52 onwards there is the annotated Latin version. Last 3 unnumbered pages with an 8-verse epigram by Jean Morisot; an editorial notice by the printer in 10 lines, with an errata from another work by Morisot - \"Paradoxa\"; and the colophon with the printer's information and date of printing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the preface, Jean Morisot, imbued with a humanist and philological fervour, presents his edition of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates as an effort to restore the work to its original purity, free from the interpolations and adulterations that, according to him, corrupted the legacy of the \"father of medicine\". The scholar sharply criticises previous commentators and translators, accusing them of negligence, plagiarism and even of distorting the original text to promote their own agendas. In particular, he singles out the figure of Gaza, whom he accuses of plagiarising the author of a commentary wrongly attributed to Oribasio, and laments the absence of a complete and faithful Latin translation of Galen's commentaries, which are essential for a correct understanding of the Aphorisms. Morisot's edition, therefore, emerges as an act of restoration, an endeavour to give back to medical students an authentic Hippocrates, freed from the mists of history and accessible to understanding.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHISTORICAL BACKGROUND\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAphorisms\u003c\/em\u003e, written between the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 4th century BC, is the most famous text of the \u003cem\u003eCorpus Hippocraticum\u003c\/em\u003e, a series of treatises written in Ionian dialect that are strongly linked to the teachings of Hippocrates, several of which were written by other authors and even from schools other than his School of Kos. However, it is common to attribute the authorship of the Aphorisms to Hippocrates himself.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey are divided into seven parts and are essentially a collection of brief medical propositions on symptoms, diagnoses and the art of healing. The famous first aphorism reads:Â«\u003cem\u003e Life is brief, art is long, occasions are fleeting and dangerous, experience is misleading and judgement is difficult. It's not enough for the doctor to be prepared to do his job; the patients, the assistants and all the external circumstances must also be properly prepared for the task.\u003c\/em\u003eÂ», where \"art\" (from the Greek Ï„Î­Ï‡Î½Î· - techne) should be understood as the \"medical art\" or the \"science of medicine\".\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitially restricted to medicine, the term began to be applied to other fields, such as art, jurisprudence and politics, until it acquired the broader meaning of a concise expression of a widely accepted doctrine, principle or truth, and today it is practically a synonym for maxim.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relevance of \u003cem\u003eAphorisms\u003c\/em\u003e throughout history is attested by the comments written by Galen (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e. 130-200) and Oribasius of Pergamum (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e. 325-400), the 150 surviving Greek manuscripts, around 70 Arabic manuscripts, over 200 Latin manuscripts and medieval commentaries by famous doctors such as Peter of Spain, Burgundio of Pisa, Taddeo Alderotti, Ugo Benzi and others. The work played an essential role in the teaching of medicine in the Middle Ages, being adopted by the medical faculties of Paris, Naples, Padua, Bologna and Montpellier, to mention just the most distinguished. Contributing to this spread was the famous Latin translation from Arabic, with Galen's commentary, made by Constantine the African in the 11th century. The first printed Latin version came from Venice in 1483. Jean Morisot was responsible for the first critical edition in 1547, which collated a faithful Latin translation and comments by him with the original Greek text and Galen's notes. With its academic and complete approach, it represented an important step in the recovery and study of Hippocratic medicine during the Renaissance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHippocrates\u003c\/strong\u003e (Kos, ca. 460 - Larissa, ca. 370 BC) is widely recognised as the \"father of medicine\" for his systematic and scientific approach to medical practice. Born on the island of Kos in Ancient Greece, he wrote and inspired numerous medical works, including the famous \u003cem\u003eAforismos\u003c\/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eHippocratic Oath\u003c\/em\u003e, which still influence modern medical ethics. Hippocrates argued that diseases had natural causes, not supernatural ones, and emphasised clinical observation and the balance of the four humours in the treatment of patients. His influence swayed medicine for centuries, both in the ancient world and in the European renaissance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJEAN MORISOT\u003c\/strong\u003e (Dole (Jura), ca. 1510 - ca. 1580), or Ioannes Morisotus, was a French physician, humanist and prolific writer, although little known. He studied medicine at the University of Dole and wrote more than fifty works, only seven of which were published. His work covers various fields, including medicine, maths, philosophy and theology, in both prose and verse, in Latin and Greek.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the present work (Aphorismorum Hippocratis genuina lectio (1547)), Morisot also stood out as the editor of the \u003cem\u003eParadoxa\u003c\/em\u003e by Cicero, published in 1547 by Oporinus, in which he included the Greek version in comparison with the Latin, accompanied by critical comments. A fervent admirer of Cicero, Morisot became embroiled in controversy with Erasmus, a critic of the Roman author, in the context of the Ciceronian quarrel - a Renaissance debate between humanists who defended the rigorous imitation of Cicero's style as a model of perfection and those who, like Erasmus, criticised this rigidity in favour of a more flexible and adaptive use of Latin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe published in 1549 \u003cem\u003eDe parechemate contra Ciceronis calumniatores Joannis morisoti medici colloquiorum libri quatuor, ad Constantinum filium\u003c\/em\u003e, a treatise in which he rebuts criticism of a figure of speech censured by Erasmus, together with a collection of dialogues inspired by the \u003cem\u003eColloquia Familiaria\u003c\/em\u003e by Erasmus, which deal with topics such as education, morality and everyday life. Morisot accused Erasmus of paganism and of unfairly attacking Cicero, which led the Sorbonne theologians to condemn his \u003cem\u003eColloquia\u003c\/em\u003e and include them in the \u003cem\u003eIndex Librorum Prohibitorum\u003c\/em\u003e in 1556. His most personal works include \u003cem\u003eLiber amatorius\u003c\/em\u003e, dedicated to his wife, Claudia de Marenche.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCLAUDIUS GALENUS\u003c\/strong\u003e, often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon (Pergamon, ca. 129 - Pergamon, ca. 201 AD), physician, philosopher and polymath, was born in Pergamon, Asia Minor, and became one of the most influential physicians of antiquity. Combining the Hippocratic tradition with his own medical system, Galen expanded the concept of the four humours and developed a vast body of work that covered topics such as anatomy, pharmacology and philosophy. He served as physician to Roman emperors and left a legacy that dominated Western and Islamic medical practice for over a thousand years. His works, translated and commented on by Renaissance authors such as Jean Morisot, continue to be studied by those interested in the history of medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCORNELIUS CELSUS\u003c\/strong\u003e (1st century AD) Cornelius Celsus was a Roman encyclopaedist of the early 1st century AD, known mainly for his work \"De Medicina\", which is one of the few preserved parts of his comprehensive encyclopaedia. \"De Medicina\" covers medical practices of the time, including surgery, dietetics and pharmacology, and is one of the main sources for understanding the Greco-Roman medical tradition. Celso was not a doctor, but his work shows a deep knowledge of ancient medical thought, bringing together ideas from Hippocrates and other classical figures. He is often cited as an essential bridge between Greek and Roman medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJOHANN OPORINUS\u003c\/strong\u003e (Basel, 1507 - 1568), or Ioannes Oporinus, was a famous Renaissance printer active during the 16th century. Trained in the humanities and medicine, he worked as a Greek teacher before turning to printing. He became one of the most prestigious printers of his time, known for printing important classical, scientific and medical works. His workshop was responsible for outstanding publications such as the first complete Latin translation of the \"Koran\" and editions of authors such as Hippocrates, Galen and Cicero. Oporinus is recognised for his technical precision, philological rigour and important contribution to the revival of the classical tradition in Europe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferÃªncias\/References:\u003cbr\u003eBNF - ark:\/12148\/cb306064468\u003cbr\u003eUSTC, 603118\u003cbr\u003eOPAC SBN, IT\/ICCU\/TO0E\/119431\u003cbr\u003eMÃ¼nchen, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek â€” \u003cspan class=\"mirador116 mirador-third-party-html\"\u003eOCLC 165652114\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCatalog of Printed Works of the 16th Century Published in German Speaking Countries of the Bavarian State Library â€”VD16: H 3757\u003cbr\u003eEarly European Books (Proquest): hin-wel-all-00002793-002\u003cbr\u003eCARRÃ‰, AntÃ²nia. \"The medieval Catalan translations of Hippocratesâ€™ 'Aphorisms'\". SciÃ¨ncia.cat, 2017. [em linha].\u003cbr\u003eHAAKER, Antonious. \"Vita Ioannis Morisoti Paucis Descripta\". EOS: Commentarii Societatis Philologae Polonorum, vol. 91, n. 2, 2010, p. 259-283.\u003cbr\u003eORNELLAS E CASTRO, InÃªs de; ANASTACIO, Vanda (Coord.). Revisitar os Saberes: ReferÃªncias ClÃ¡ssicas na Cultura Portuguesa do Renascimento Ã  Ã‰poca Moderna. Lisboa: Centro de Estudos ClÃ¡ssicos, 2010. ISBN: 978-972-9376-19-1.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Garimpo dos Livros","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":58295736336716,"sku":"2412SB001","price":36000.0,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1066\/5617\/0316\/files\/2412SB001_1.jpg?v=1785850367","url":"https:\/\/garimpodoslivros.com.br\/products\/aphorismorvm-genvina-lectio","provider":"Garimpo dos Livros","version":"1.0","type":"link"}