{"product_id":"historia-do-japaa","title":"HISTORIA DO JAPAÃ•,","description":"\u003cp\u003eEM QUE SE DÃ NOTICIA DA PRIMEIRA entrada da FÃ© naquelle Imperio, dos custumes daquella NaÃ§aÃµ, gentes, suas terras, e couzas muito curiozas, e raras, para os Euruditos estimÃ¡veis, e para todos gratas. ESCREVEO-A EM FRANCEZ P. JOAÃ• CRASSET Da Companhia de JESUS. E correndo jÃ¡ traduzida em Italiano APPPARECE AGORA DEDICADA A S. FRANCISCO XAVIER, Primeiro Apostolo daquelle Gentilismo; E VERTIDA EM PORTUGUEZ POR D. MARIA ANTONIA DE S. BOAVENTURA E MENEZES. LISBOA. - [TOMO PRIMEIRO] Na Officina de MANOEL DA SYLVA. M. DCC. XLIX. [1749] - [TOMO SEGUNDO] Na Officina de MANOEL DA SYLVA. M. DCC. LI. [1751] - [TOMO TERCEIRO] Na Officina de MANOEL SOARES. M. D.CC. LV. [1755].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObra em 3 volumes. In 4.Âº de 20x14 cm. Com [xl], 642 - [xii], 643 e [xii], 560 pÃ¡gs. EncadernaÃ§Ãµes da Ã©poca, inteiras de pele, com rÃ³tulos vermelhos, nervos e ferros a ouro nas lombadas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObra ilustrada com um mapa desdobrÃ¡vel do JapÃ£o de (28x43 cm), incluÃ­do exclusivamente nesta ediÃ§Ã£o portuguesa, considerado \u003cem\u003eo mais antigo mapa do JapÃ£o fazendo parte de um livro\u003c\/em\u003e (e desenhado com uma projecÃ§Ã£o geogrÃ¡fica idÃªntica Ã  do mapa de Ortelius feito por Teixeira).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlustrado ainda com cinco magnÃ­ficas gravuras desdobrÃ¡veis e uma gravura no texto, tudo gravado por Miguel Le Bouteux, arquitecto do Rei de Portugal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcelente impressÃ£o estampada sobre magnÃ­fico papel de linho muito alvo, com as folhas de rosto impressas a duas cores (vermelho e preto), tendo sido utilizados caracteres rotundos muito esmaltados.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEsta impressÃ£o de Lisboa, composta por 3 volumes impressos em momentos e por impressores diferentes, apresenta uma homogeneidade grÃ¡fica de grande qualidade.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExemplar em excelente estado de conservaÃ§Ã£o, com o ex-lÃ­bris de Manoel Paes d'AragÃ£o Trigozo Pereira MagalhÃ£es e o tÃ­tulo de posse manuscrito pelo mesmo em todos os volumes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEdiÃ§Ãµes desta obra:\u003c\/strong\u003e Paris, 1684; Lausanne, 1715; Venezia, 1722; Augsburg 1738; e Lisboa, 1749-1755.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA presente ediÃ§Ã£o - a primeira em lÃ­ngua portuguesa -\u003c\/strong\u003e foi traduzida da ediÃ§Ã£o italiana, tal como se encontra claramente registado nas autorizaÃ§Ãµes da Ã©poca, nomeadamente na autorizaÃ§Ã£o do OrdinÃ¡rio dada por Frei Joseph Pereira de Santa Anna, contida no terceiro volume, a qual transcrevemos: Â«\u003cem\u003eque da lÃ­ngua italiana traduziu na portuguesa a excelentissima senhora D. Maria AntÃ³nia Menezes\u003c\/em\u003eÂ».\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObra de uma importÃ¢ncia capital\u003c\/strong\u003e para a compreensÃ£o de como o JapÃ£o se abriu, e mais tarde se fechou ao Ocidente, apresentando pormenorizadamente as justificaÃ§Ãµes dos acontecimentos. Para o JapÃ£o esta obra tem um particular interesse como documento histÃ³rico contemporÃ¢neo da Ãºltima parte do perÃ­odo conhecido pelos nipÃ³nicos como Sengoku (æˆ¦å›½æ™‚ä»£) ou Guerra Civil (1467-1603).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCada um dos trÃªs volumes Ã© antecedido de trÃªs diferentes autorizaÃ§Ãµes dignas de serem lidas como belas notas editoriais e escritas, a pedido expresso do Rei de Portugal, pelos mais eruditos crÃ­ticos literÃ¡rios do seu tempo. No primeiro volume segue-se um privilÃ©gio real dado Ã  autora da traduÃ§Ã£o, que todos reconhecem como uma grande erudita e intelectual da Ã©poca. A apologia da autora da traduÃ§Ã£o tambÃ©m Ã© feita na sua excelente condiÃ§Ã£o de mulher (comparada a VÃ©nus) e fidalga de primeira hierarquia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs licenÃ§as referem aspectos muito relevantes para o interesse e importÃ¢ncia desta obra, nomeadamente o sucesso das anteriores ediÃ§Ãµes francesa e italiana e o facto de reproduzir os diÃ¡logos em discurso directo e indirecto (discretos e elegantes, sic) emitidos por SÃ£o Francisco Xavier (ver tomo I, pÃ¡g. 113). Outro aspecto Ã© o facto desta obra apresentar ao leitor um PrÃ³logo, contendo um debate sobre as questÃµes e os antecedentes historiogrÃ¡ficos - e enquadrando este texto na evoluÃ§Ã£o da ciÃªncia histÃ³rica.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO mapa de Le Bouteux divide o JapÃ£o nas suas 66 provÃ­ncias e aborda os sucessos da Igreja JesuÃ­ta na realizaÃ§Ã£o de mais de 30.000 baptismos. O mapa localiza 36 igrejas jesuÃ­tas no JapÃ£o. O barco Ã  vela na parte inferior faz referÃªncia a S. Francisco Xavier, ApÃ³stolo do JapÃ£o (Francisco Xavier, Cosme de Torres (1510-1570), e Ã  sua chegada a Cangoxima em 15 de agosto de 1549.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO mapa de Le Bouteux deriva de uma importante linha de mapas que comeÃ§ou com o mapa manuscrito do JapÃ£o de InÃ¡cio Moreira, atualmente perdido, elaborado na dÃ©cada de 1590. Embora o mapa de Moreira esteja em portuguÃªs, Ã© derivado de um estilo indÃ­gena japonÃªs de elaboraÃ§Ã£o de mapas chamado mapas \"gyoki\", utilizando convenÃ§Ãµes cartogrÃ¡ficas que datam do sÃ©culo IX. O nome do estilo parece ter sido dado em homenagem ao sacerdote budista que inventou o estilo de mapa, com exemplos sobreviventes que datam do sÃ©culo XIII. Devido a esta ligaÃ§Ã£o, acredita-se que o mapa de Moreira deriva de mapas originalmente fornecidos aos jesuÃ­tas pelo clero budista.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrasset reflecte sobre os problemas metodolÃ³gicos por existir excesso de informaÃ§Ã£o e estabelece a sua prÃ³pria prioridade de abordagem historiogrÃ¡fica por assuntos e sÃ³ depois pela cronologia. Outro aspecto tambÃ©m importante Ã© o facto de se tratar da histÃ³ria \u003cem\u003eoficial\u003c\/em\u003e do JapÃ£o neste perÃ­odo, adoptada pela Companhia de Jesus, para a qual contribuÃ­ram as cartas e as correspondÃªncias (ditas das MonÃ§Ãµes) escritas pelos missionÃ¡rios explicitamente referidos: o Padre Solier, o Padre Chaslevoix, o Padre LuÃ­s Pinheiro, o Padre LuÃ­s de GusmÃ£o e muitos outros. A obra Ã© correctamente antecedida por um capÃ­tulo - \u003cem\u003eNotÃ­cia do JapÃ£o, no qual se exprimem os usos e costumes daqueles reinos\u003c\/em\u003e - que enquadra e prende o leitor (\u003cem\u003ecensor dixit\u003c\/em\u003e) atÃ© Ã  pÃ¡gina 94 com um cariz que hoje podemos afirmar ser de natureza histÃ³rica, sociolÃ³gica e antropolÃ³gica.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOs portugueses descobriram o JapÃ£o\u003c\/strong\u003e, segundo Crasset, em 1534: uma data muito anterior Ã quela apontada [1543] e referida pela historiografia actual. No entanto a data nÃ£o Ã© tida como relevante para o autor da HistÃ³ria da Igreja no JapÃ£o, porque os comerciantes portugueses navegavam hÃ¡ muito nas costas nipÃ³nicas, e o autor prefere esclarecer os detalhes e a forma como a religiÃ£o chegou ao JapÃ£o Â«sem nos metermos nesta questÃ£o, por nÃ£o parecer precisoÂ« (vide tomo I, pÃ¡g.96)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSÃ£o Francisco Xavier chegou ao JapÃ£o\u003c\/strong\u003e em 15 de Agosto de 1549 como missionÃ¡rio [ver tomo I, pag. 129). A sua ida para o JapÃ£o foi solicitada e patrocinada por AngÃ©rio, um rico mercador japonÃªs, que se deslocou propositadamente a Malaca, em busca do Santo, levando-o para sua casa em Kagoshima, numa odisseia marÃ­tima descrita nesta obra (ver pÃ¡gs. 97-133 e 146). A obra menciona a vida e os milagres do santo no JapÃ£o, apesar de todas as ediÃ§Ãµes mencionarem logo no inÃ­cio '\u003cem\u003esobre a fÃ© que se deve dar a esta HistÃ³ria, e porque se nÃ£o referem milagres\u003c\/em\u003e'. Francisco Xavier era tido como \"vindo do outro Mundo e tÃ£o poderoso como o seu Deus\" (ver pÃ¡g. 138) e conseguiu estabelecer contactos com os reinos de Sassuma, Ecandono, e foi Meaco para alcanÃ§ar a autorizaÃ§Ã£o do Daire [Daimio] para pregar em todo o JapÃ£o, fundado congregaÃ§Ãµes em Hirado [dito Firando], Yamaguchi [dito Amanguche] e Bungo. Seguidamente o livro II Ã© inteiramente dedicado Ã  presenÃ§a do santo no JapÃ£o jÃ¡ depois dos seus milagres, apresentando as discussÃµes teolÃ³gicas entre Xavier e os monges budistas, e terminando com sua partida do JapÃ£o em Dezembro de 1551, deixando uma marca positiva nos reis e senhores feudais. Por volta de 1580 muitos senhores feudais e cerca de meio milhÃ£o de japoneses tinham-se convertido ao cristianismo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFernÃ£o Mendes Pinto,\u003c\/strong\u003e autor da obra PeregrinaÃ§Ã£o, tem a sua presenÃ§a no Oriente e no JapÃ£o bem descrita no capÃ­tulo III desta obra (ver pÃ¡g. 329) onde Ã© mencionada a segunda visita dos portugueses, com pompa e circunstÃ¢ncia, ao rei de Firando [Hirado]. O Padre Luis FrÃ³is, o grande historiador do JapÃ£o, Ã© mencionado no livro IV, pÃ¡g. 469, no qual se menciona tambÃ©m a produÃ§Ã£o de obras literÃ¡rias por parte dos portugueses (entre as quais o grande dicionÃ¡rio trilingue portuguÃªs-latim-japonÃªs, com mais de 900 pÃ¡ginas, publicado em Amacusa, em 1595).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO perÃ­odo dos reinos combatentes - e dos senhores feudais ou shoguns\u003c\/strong\u003e - encontra-se bem descrito nesta obra. As razÃµes das lutas entre os senhores feudais eram, segundo o autor, cinicamente justificadas com motivos religiosos. Ao longo dos primeiros capÃ­tulos, aqui ditos livros, os verdadeiros motivos eram a soberba e a altivez dos reis e senhores do JapÃ£o, que eram igualmente odiosas para todos os bonzos, nomeadamente a atitude do shogun Nobunanga (referido no tomo I, livro V, pÃ¡g. 496 e novamente referido no tomo II, livro VI, pÃ¡g. 7).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA unificaÃ§Ã£o do JapÃ£o\u003c\/strong\u003e (descrita no tomo II, livro VIII) ocorre quando Faxita se torna governador do ImpÃ©rio travando-se uma guerra que termina com a morte de D. Bartolomeu, rei de Omura, e de D. Francisco, rei de Bungo, em 1587. Estes reis - e principalmente D. Bartolomeu considerado o Constantino japonÃªs - tinham destruÃ­do milhares de templos e bibliotecas da cultura japonesa (ver tomo II, pÃ¡g. 312). Este perÃ­odo termina quando o Imperador intervÃ©m e promulga um Ã©dito contra os ocidentais (ver tomo II, livro IX) na sequÃªncia da ideia de que os espanhÃ³is, agora dominando os portugueses no final do sÃ©culo XVI, tambÃ©m dominariam pelas armas o ImpÃ©rio e o Imperador, tal como tinham feito no PerÃº e no MÃ©xico (ver tomo III, XI, pÃ¡g. 41-42). Taicossama, informado pelos seus shoguns e reis Massita e Tossa Â«preocupado do receio de lhe suceder semelhante desgraÃ§a, protestou exterminar do seu ImpÃ©rio todos os CristÃ£os, para assim estar seguro.Â»\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Embaixada do JapÃ£o\u003c\/strong\u003e enviada Ã  Europa (tomo II, livro VII, pag. 159) partiu em Fevereiro de 1582 e trazia cartas dos DÃ¡imios cristÃ£os endereÃ§adas ao Rei de Portugal e ao Papa. Foram escolhidos Mancio Ito, Miguel Chijiwa, Martinho Hara e JuliÃ£o Nakamura: todos familiares ou aparentados com as famÃ­lias senhoriais de Kyushu. A viagem marÃ­tima durou dois anos e meio e chegaram a Lisboa em Agosto de 1584. ApÃ³s a viagem o Arcebispo D. TeotÃ³nio de BraganÃ§a enviou dinheiro para a fundaÃ§Ã£o de um colÃ©gio ou seminÃ¡rio, e a Igreja nomeou um Bispo para o JapÃ£o. Os embaixadores regressaram Ã  sua pÃ¡tria saindo de Lisboa, em Abril de 1586, e chegaram ao JapÃ£o em Julho de 1590, isto Ã©, 8 anos e cinco meses depois da sua saÃ­da. Na obra existem capÃ­tulos intermÃ©dios, dedicados a outras narrativas ocorridas nessa dÃ©cada. A descriÃ§Ã£o do regresso do Padre Valignano ao JapÃ£o, com os 4 embaixadores, ocorre num momento de revolta (tomo II, pÃ¡g. 401). Valignano avisa o Imperador da sua chegada e os embaixadores sÃ£o recebidos na corte. A vida dos embaixadores no JapÃ£o volta a ser historiada no livro X, que termina com a fundaÃ§Ã£o e extinÃ§Ã£o da sede da provÃ­ncia dos JesuÃ­tas em Nagasaki.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs perseguiÃ§Ãµes aos cristÃ£os\u003c\/strong\u003e estÃ£o descritas ao longo da obra. Existiram vÃ¡rios perÃ­odos de perseguiÃ§Ãµes. no entanto a perseguiÃ§Ã£o final e os pormenores dos martÃ­rios sÃ£o temas caros aos autores jesuÃ­tas e estÃ£o descritos no terceiro e Ãºltimo volume desta obra.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJean Crasset, professor de humanidades e filosofia, foi um pregador de sucesso que entrou na Companhia de Jesus em 1638. TambÃ©m foi director, durante vinte e trÃªs anos, de uma famosa associaÃ§Ã£o literÃ¡ria ligada aos jesuÃ­tas, em Paris. Crasset Ã© o autor de muitas obras ascÃ©ticas, entre as quais o Methode dâ€™oraison. A sua DissertaÃ§Ã£o sobre os orÃ¡culos dos Sibylles, foi uma obra pela qual foi muito criticado. Publicou a 'HistÃ³ria da Igreja do JapÃ£o que alargou com mais detalhes em ediÃ§Ãµes seguintes O autor atribuiu a origem da perseguiÃ§Ã£o de 1597 Ã  imprudÃªncia dos frades franciscanos ao persistirem em tornar pÃºblicas as suas cerimÃ³nias religiosas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD. MARIA ANTONIA DE S. BOAVENTURA E MENEZES, filha de Roque Monteiro Paim, e casada com Rodrigo de Sousa, filho dos primeiros Condes de Redondo. - Foi natural de Lisboa; nÃ£o se conhecem as datas do seu nascimento e obito. Traduziu do francÃªs esta obra de Crasset.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiguel le Bouteux (ou seja, Jean Baptiste Michel le Bouteux, 1682-1764) veio para Portugal sob o reinado de D. JoÃ£o V e aqui trabalhou desde 1728 atÃ© Ã  sua morte. Pouco se sabe sobre Le Bouteux, para alÃ©m do facto de se ter referido a si prÃ³prio como o Arquiteto de Sua Majestade. O mapa de Le Bouteux Ã© muito raro no mercado, tendo Hubbard identificado apenas 3 exemplares em colecÃ§Ãµes particulares.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[EN] 3 volumes. In quarto. 20x14 cm. [xl], 642 - [xii], 643 and [xii], 560 pp. Contemporary full leather bindings, with red labels, raised bands and gilt tools on the spines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIllustrated with a fold-out map of Japan (28x43 cm), included exclusively in this Portuguese edition, considered \u003cem\u003eThe oldest map of Japan in a book\u003c\/em\u003e (and drawn with a geographical projection identical to that of the Ortelius map made by Teixeira).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIllustrated with five magnificent fold-out engravings and an engraving in the text, all engraved by Miguel Le Bouteux, architect to the King of Portugal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutstanding print on magnificent linen paper, with the title pages printed in two colours (red and black), using very enamelled round characters.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis Lisbon imprint, made up of three volumes printed at different times and by different printers, shows a graphic homogeneity of great quality.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopy in excellent condition, with the ex-libris of Manoel Paes d'AragÃ£o Trigozo Pereira MagalhÃ£es and the handwritten ownership title by the same in all volumes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEditions of this work:\u003c\/strong\u003e Paris, 1684; Lausanne, 1715; Venezia, 1722; Augsburg 1738; and Lisbon, 1749-1755.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe present edition - the first in Portuguese -\u003c\/strong\u003e has been translated from the Italian edition, as is clearly recorded in the authorisations of the time, namely in the authorisation of the Ordinary given by Friar Joseph Pereira de Santa Anna, contained in the third volume, which we transcribe: \"\u003cem\u003eWhich from the Italian language was translated into Portuguese by Mrs Maria AntÃ³nia Menezes\u003c\/em\u003e.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA work of capital importance\u003c\/strong\u003e for understanding how Japan opened up and later closed itself off to the West, presenting in detail the justifications for the events. For Japan, this work is of particular interest as a contemporary historical document of the latter part of the period known to the Japanese as the Sengoku (æˆ¦å›½æ™‚ä»£) or Civil War (1467-1603).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of the three volumes is preceded by three different authorisations worthy of being read as beautiful editorial notes and written, at the express request of the King of Portugal, by the most erudite literary critics of their time. The first volume follows a royal privilege given to the author of the translation, whom everyone recognises as a great scholar and intellectual of the time. The author of the translation is also honoured for her excellent status as a woman (compared to Venus) and a noblewoman of the first rank.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe licences refer to aspects that are very relevant to the interest and importance of this work, namely the success of the previous French and Italian editions and the fact that it reproduces the dialogues in direct and indirect speech (discreet and elegant, sic) issued by Saint Francis Xavier (see volume I, p. 113). Another aspect is the fact that this work presents the reader with a Prologue, containing a discussion of historiographical issues and backgrounds - and setting this text in the context of the evolution of historical science.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLe Bouteux's map divides Japan into its 66 provinces and looks at the successes of the Jesuit Church in carrying out more than 30,000 baptisms. The map locates 36 Jesuit churches in Japan. The sailing ship at the bottom refers to St Francis Xavier, Apostle of Japan (Francisco Xavier, Cosme de Torres (1510-1570)), and his arrival in Cangoxima on 15 August 1549.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLe Bouteux's map derives from an important line of maps that began with InÃ¡cio Moreira's manuscript map of Japan, now lost, drawn up in the 1590s. Although Moreira's map is in Portuguese, it is derived from an indigenous Japanese style of map-making called \"gyoki\" maps, using cartographic conventions dating back to the 9th century. The style seems to have been named in honour of the Buddhist priest who invented the map style, with surviving examples dating back to the 13th century. Because of this connection, Moreira's map is believed to derive from maps originally supplied to the Jesuits by Buddhist clergy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrasset reflects on the methodological problems of too much information and establishes his own prioritisation of the historiographical approach by subject and only then by chronology. Another important aspect is the fact that it deals with the \u003cem\u003eofficial\u003c\/em\u003e history of Japan in this period, adopted by the Society of Jesus, to which the letters and correspondence (known as the MonÃ§Ãµes) written by the missionaries explicitly mentioned: Father Solier, Father Chaslevoix, Father LuÃ­s Pinheiro, Father LuÃ­s de GusmÃ£o and many others. The book is rightly preceded by a chapter - \u003cem\u003eNotÃ­cia do JapÃ£o, no qual se exprimem os usos e costumes daqueles reinos (News from Japan, in which the uses and customs of those kingdoms are expressed )\u003c\/em\u003e - which fits in context and holds the reader (\u003cem\u003ecensor dixit\u003c\/em\u003e) until page 94 with a character that today we can say is of a historical, sociological and anthropological nature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Portuguese discovered Japan\u003c\/strong\u003e, according to Crasset, in 1534: a much earlier date than that given [1543] and referred to by current historiography. However, the date is not considered relevant to the author of the History of the Church in Japan, because Portuguese traders had been sailing the Japanese coasts for a long time, and the author prefers to clarify the details and the way in which religion arrived in Japan \"without going into this question, because it doesn't seem necessary\" (see volume I, p.96).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaint Francis Xavier arrived in Japan\u003c\/strong\u003e on 15 August 1549 as a missionary [see volume I, page 129]. His journey to Japan was requested and sponsored by AngÃ©rio, a wealthy Japanese merchant, who travelled to Malacca in search of the saint, taking him to his home in Kagoshima on a maritime odyssey described in this work (see pp. 97-133 and 146). The work mentions the saint's life and miracles in Japan, although all editions mention it at the beginning '\u003cem\u003eOn the faith that should be given to this story, and why there are no miracles\u003c\/em\u003e'. Francis Xavier was considered to have \"come from another world and was as powerful as his God\" (see p. 138) and managed to establish contacts with the kingdoms of Sassuma, Ecandono, and Meaco to obtain authorisation from the Daire [Daimio] to preach throughout Japan, founding congregations in Hirado [said to be Firando], Yamaguchi [said to be Amanguche] and Bungo. Book II is then entirely dedicated to the saint's presence in Japan after his miracles, presenting the theological discussions between Xavier and the Buddhist monks, and ending with his departure from Japan in December 1551, leaving a positive mark on the kings and feudal lords. By 1580, many feudal lords and around half a million Japanese had converted to Christianity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFernÃ£o Mendes Pinto,\u003c\/strong\u003e author of PeregrinaÃ§Ã£o, has his presence in the Orient and Japan well described in chapter III of this work (see page 329) where the second visit of the Portuguese, with pomp and circumstance, to the king of Firando [Hirado] is mentioned. Father Luis FrÃ³is, the great historian of Japan, is mentioned in book IV, p. 469, which also mentions the production of literary works by the Portuguese (including the great trilingual Portuguese-Latin-Japanese dictionary, with over 900 pages, published in Amacusa in 1595).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe period of the fighting kingdoms - and the feudal lords or shoguns\u003c\/strong\u003e - is well described in this work. The reasons for the struggles between the feudal lords were, according to the author, cynically justified on religious grounds. Throughout the first chapters, here referred to as books, the real reasons were the pride and haughtiness of the kings and lords of Japan, who were equally odious to all the bonzes, particularly the attitude of the shogun Nobunanga (referred to in volume I, book V, p. 496 and again in volume II, book VI, p. 7).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe unification of Japan\u003c\/strong\u003e (described in Volume II, Book VIII) took place when Faxita became governor of the Empire and a war was fought which ended with the death of Bartholomew, king of Omura, and Francis, king of Bungo, in 1587. These kings - and especially Bartholomew, considered the Japanese Constantine - had destroyed thousands of temples and libraries of Japanese culture (see volume II, p. 312). This period ended when the Emperor intervened and issued an edict against the Westerners (see volume II, book IX) following the idea that the Spanish, now dominating the Portuguese at the end of the 16th century, would also dominate the Empire and the Emperor by arms, just as they had done in Peru and Mexico (see volume III, XI, p. 41-42). Taicossama, informed by his shoguns and kings Massita and Tossa \"worried that such a misfortune would befall him, protested that he would exterminate all Christians from his Empire, so as to be safe.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Japanese Embassy\u003c\/strong\u003e sent to Europe (volume II, book VII, page 159) left in February 1582 and carried letters from the Christian DÃ¡imios addressed to the King of Portugal and the Pope. Mancio Ito, Miguel Chijiwa, Martinho Hara and JuliÃ£o Nakamura were chosen: all relatives or related to Kyushu manorial families. The sea voyage lasted two and a half years and they arrived in Lisbon in August 1584. After the voyage, Archbishop TeotÃ³nio de BraganÃ§a sent money for the foundation of a college or seminary, and the Church appointed a bishop for Japan. The ambassadors returned to their homeland from Lisbon in April 1586 and arrived in Japan in July 1590, eight years and five months after their departure. In the book there are intermediate chapters dedicated to other narratives that took place in that decade. The description of Father Valignano's return to Japan with the four ambassadors takes place at a time of revolt (volume II, p. 401). Valignano notified the Emperor of their arrival and the ambassadors were received at court. The life of the ambassadors in Japan is told again in Book X, which ends with the founding and extinction of the Jesuit province in Nagasaki.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe persecutions of Christians\u003c\/strong\u003e are described throughout the work. There were several periods of persecution. However, the final persecution and the details of the martyrdoms are themes dear to Jesuit authors and are described in the third and final volume of this work.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJean Crasset, a professor of humanities and philosophy, was a successful preacher who joined the Society of Jesus in 1638. He was also the director of a famous literary association linked to the Jesuits in Paris for twenty-three years. Crasset is the author of many ascetic works, including the \u003cem\u003eMethode d'oraison\u003c\/em\u003e. His \u003cem\u003eDissertation on the oracles of the Sibylles\u003c\/em\u003e was a work for which he was much criticised. He published the \u003cem\u003eHistory of the Church of Japan\u003c\/em\u003e, which he expanded in more detail in subsequent editions. The author attributed the origin of the persecution of 1597 to the imprudence of the Franciscan friars in persisting in making their religious ceremonies public.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLady Maria AntÃ³nia de S Boaventura e Menezes, daughter of Roque Monteiro Paim, and married to Rodrigo de Sousa, son of the first Counts of Redondo. - She was born in Lisbon; her birth and death dates are unknown. She translated this work by Crasset from French to Portuguese.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiguel le Bouteux (i.e. Jean Baptiste Michel le Bouteux, 1682-1764) came to Portugal under the reign of King JoÃ£o V and worked here from 1728 until his death. Little is known about Le Bouteux, apart from the fact that he referred to himself as His Majesty's Architect. Le Bouteux's map is very rare on the market, with Hubbard having identified only 3 copies in private collections.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferÃªncias\/References:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCordier Japonica 1912: 401, 402.\u003cbr\u003e Hubbard \u0026amp; Walter 1994.\u003cbr\u003e OAG 96; Laures 1957: 623.\u003cbr\u003e PagÃ¨s 1859: 351.\u003cbr\u003e Soares: I 136-138.\u003cbr\u003eInocÃªncio VI, 135. \u003cbr\u003eStreit VI, 1445. \u003cbr\u003eReiss \u0026amp; Auvermann, Auction 40.\u003cbr\u003e Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Garimpo dos Livros","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":58295590322508,"sku":"1309CS003","price":54000.0,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1066\/5617\/0316\/files\/1309CS003_1.jpg?v=1785849524","url":"https:\/\/garimpodoslivros.com.br\/products\/historia-do-japaa","provider":"Garimpo dos Livros","version":"1.0","type":"link"}