{"product_id":"natuerlyke-historie-van-de-couchenille-histoire-naturelle-de-la-cochenille","title":"NATUERLYKE HISTORIE VAN DE COUCHENILLE | HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE LA COCHENILLE,","description":"\u003cp\u003eBeweezen met Authentique Documenten | JustifiÃ©e par des Documens Authentiques. Tâ€™AMSTERDAM, By HERMANUS UYTWERF, Boekverkooper, 1729.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 8.Âº de 20x12,5 cm. Com [xii], 175, [ii] pÃ¡gs. EncadernaÃ§Ã£o inteira de pele com rÃ³tulo vermelho e ferros a ouro na lombada. Cortes das folhas mosqueados a vermelho. Guardas decorativas em papel de fantasia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlustrado com uma gravura calcogrÃ¡fica extratexto, intercalada entre as pÃ¡ginas 46 e 47, representando cinco vistas do insecto, a tamanho natural e sob diferentes ampliaÃ§Ãµes e Ã¢ngulos ao microscÃ³pio, com detalhe de uma pata e garra. Desenhadas por Jan Wandelaar na presenÃ§a do professor de anatomia G. RÃ¶ell e de L. ten Kate Hermansz. As pÃ¡ginas 46 e 47 do texto contÃªm uma versÃ£o preliminar desses desenhos.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs pÃ¡ginas 46 e 47 do texto contÃªm uma versÃ£o preliminar com desenhos do autor xilogravados. Nas pÃ¡ginas 172 e 173 apresenta os signetes impressos do notÃ¡rio.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFolha de rosto impressa a vermelho, com pequeno ornato tipogrÃ¡fico de motivos vegetalistas, repetido como florÃ£o de remate ao final da obra. EdiÃ§Ã£o bilingue neerlandÃªs-francÃªs, com traduÃ§Ã£o em pÃ¡ginas confrontantes â€” neerlandÃªs Ã  esquerda, francÃªs Ã  direita. Texto composto em caracteres redondos.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExemplar com falta quase total da pele da lombada, expondo os nervos, e pequenas falhas nas pastas. Carimbo oleogrÃ¡fico Â«Maj J-P CardozoÂ» na folha de rosto. Manchas de humidade nas margens de algumas folhas e pequenos rasgos na guarda anterior. Apresenta picos de traÃ§a, atingindo levemente o texto nas pÃ¡ginas 61-90 sem condicionar a leitura.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEdiÃ§Ã£o Ãºnica, rara e muito importante desta monografia cientÃ­fica sobre a cochinilha (Dactylopius coccus), o insecto parasita dos cactos nopais (Opuntia) cuja exploraÃ§Ã£o no MÃ©xico produzia o disputado pigmento carmim â€” depois da prata, a exportaÃ§Ã£o mais valiosa do ImpÃ©rio Espanhol proveniente das AmÃ©ricas. A obra foi resenhada no prÃ³prio ano da sua publicaÃ§Ã£o nas Philosophical Transactions da Royal Society de Londres (vol. 36, 1729-1730), por W. Rutty, secretÃ¡rio da sociedade, o que atesta a atenÃ§Ã£o imediata que mereceu nos cÃ­rculos cientÃ­ficos europeus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA obra Ã© dedicada a Jan Six II (1668â€“1750), senhor de Hillegom e de Vromade, burguemestre e conselheiro da cidade de AmesterdÃ£o â€” filho do cÃ©lebre Jan Six I, imortalizado no retrato de Rembrandt (1654) â€” numa escolha que sublinha a importÃ¢ncia da cochinilha para os circuitos comerciais neerlandeses. AmesterdÃ£o era, no inÃ­cio do sÃ©culo XVIII, o principal centro europeu de redistribuiÃ§Ã£o de produtos coloniais, e o carmim de cochinilha â€” o pigmento vermelho obtido por esmagamento e secagem dos insectos fÃªmea â€” alimentava as indÃºstrias tÃªxtil e artÃ­stica do continente.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO conteÃºdo da obra organiza-se em torno de uma disputa central: se a cochinilha era um insecto ou o fruto de uma planta. A aparÃªncia fÃ­sica da cochinilha seca â€” pequenos grÃ£os cinzentos e rugosos, designados em espanhol por grana â€” levara a que, durante quase dois sÃ©culos, a maioria dos botÃ¢nicos e negociantes europeus a tomasse por uma semente ou baga. Embora naturalistas como JosÃ© de Acosta e Antonio de Herrera tivessem sugerido a origem animal, a falta de provas visuais e o segredo que rodeava a produÃ§Ã£o mexicana mantinham a dÃºvida viva. Ruusscher, que vivera vÃ¡rios anos em Espanha e contactara directamente com navegadores regressados da Nova Espanha, defendia tratar-se de um animal. Para dirimir a questÃ£o, fez uma aposta com um amigo e propÃ´s reunir dois tipos de prova a submeter a quatro Ã¡rbitros (pÃ¡g. 41): testemunhos juramentados de produtores e funcionÃ¡rios na regiÃ£o de Oaxaca, e observaÃ§Ã£o directa ao microscÃ³pio.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePara obter a prova documental, Ruusscher pediu ao seu correspondente em Puerto de Santa MarÃ­a, Don Pedro CristÃ³bal de Reynoso y Mendoza, que o seu filho Don MartÃ­n recolhesse atestaÃ§Ãµes em Antequera de Oaxaca, principal centro de comÃ©rcio e cultivo da cochinilha na Nova Espanha. As peÃ§as documentais, lavradas em Outubro de 1725, constam a partir da pÃ¡gina 49 e compreendem oito informaÃ§Ãµes juramentadas de cultivadores e funcionÃ¡rios locais â€” incluindo o testemunho de um cacique indÃ­gena que dominava o ciclo completo de produÃ§Ã£o â€”, trÃªs certificados de autoridades e quatro declaraÃ§Ãµes notariais. Os depoimentos descrevem o ciclo de cultivo e os trÃªs mÃ©todos de obtenÃ§Ã£o do pigmento â€” cozedura, secagem em fornos (temascales) e torrefacÃ§Ã£o em chapas de metal (comales) â€” cada um produzindo tonalidades distintas, informaÃ§Ã£o com valor directo para os tintureiros europeus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePara a prova microscÃ³pica, Ruusscher invoca Nicolaas Hartsoeker (Gouda, 1656 â€“ Utrecht, 1725), que em 1694 publicara no Essai de Dioptrique as primeiras observaÃ§Ãµes microscÃ³picas da cochinilha, obtidas com lentes esfÃ©ricas de alta potÃªncia fabricadas a partir de gotas de vidro fundido â€” a mesma tÃ©cnica que lhe permitira observar os espermatozÃ³ides humanos em 1677. Hartsoeker Ã© citado nas primeiras linhas do texto e na pÃ¡gina 45. O farmacÃªutico Nicolas LÃ©mery, autor do Dictionnaire universel des drogues, Ã© igualmente invocado. Para coroar a demonstraÃ§Ã£o, Ruusscher mandou desenhar a cochinilha ao microscÃ³pio por Jan Wandelaar, na presenÃ§a de dois testemunhos qualificados, produzindo a gravura calcogrÃ¡fica que constitui a peÃ§a central da obra.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA Ãºltima folha contÃ©m listas de erratas em trÃªs lÃ­nguas â€” neerlandÃªs, francÃªs e espanhol â€” reflectindo a natureza trilingue dos materiais compilados: a redacÃ§Ã£o bilingue neerlandÃªs-francÃªs de Ruusscher incorpora as transcriÃ§Ãµes dos depoimentos originais em castelhano.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelchior de Ruusscher (fl. 1729\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c\/strong\u003e foi negociante neerlandÃªs radicado durante vÃ¡rios anos em Espanha, onde contactou com navegadores e comerciantes ligados Ã s Ãndias Ocidentais. A presente obra, a Ãºnica que se lhe conhece, nasceu de uma disputa pessoal sobre a natureza da cochinilha e constitui um caso singular na histÃ³ria da ciÃªncia: a mobilizaÃ§Ã£o de documentaÃ§Ã£o jurÃ­dica colonial e de observaÃ§Ã£o microscÃ³pica para dirimir uma questÃ£o de histÃ³ria natural com implicaÃ§Ãµes comerciais directas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJan Wandelaar (1690â€“1759) foi um conceituado desenhador e gravador holandÃªs, reconhecido pela sua extraordinÃ¡ria precisÃ£o na ilustraÃ§Ã£o cientÃ­fica do sÃ©culo XVIII. Natural de AmesterdÃ£o, foi discÃ­pulo de Jacob Folkema e de Guilliam van der Gouwen, desenvolvendo um estilo que aliava o rigor tÃ©cnico a uma sensibilidade artÃ­stica Ãºnica. A sua carreira ficou marcada por colaboraÃ§Ãµes fundamentais com grandes nomes da ciÃªncia, como Melchior de Ruysscher, para quem ilustrou a histÃ³ria natural da cochinilha, e Carl Linnaeus. No entanto, o seu legado mais famoso reside na parceria com o anatomista Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, para quem criou as icÃ³nicas gravuras do esqueleto e da musculatura humana, frequentemente acompanhadas por cenÃ¡rios elaborados que incluÃ­am animais exÃ³ticos, elevando a ilustraÃ§Ã£o mÃ©dica ao estatuto de obra de arte.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[EN] In octavo. 20 x 12.5 cm. [xii], 175, [ii] pp. Full leather binding with a red label and gilt tooled titles on the spine. Marbled red edges. Patterned decorative endpapers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIllustrated with an intaglio engraving, inserted between pages 46 and 47, depicting five views of the insect, life-size and at different magnifications and angles under the microscope, with a detail of a leg and claw. Drawn by Jan Wandelaar in the presence of Professor of Anatomy G. RÃ¶ell and L. ten Kate Hermansz. Pages 46 and 47 of the text contain a preliminary version of these drawings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePages 46 and 47 of the text contain a preliminary version featuring woodcut illustrations by the author. Pages 172 and 173 feature the notaryâ€™s printed seals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTitle page printed in red, with a small typographic ornament featuring plant motifs, repeated as a decorative finishing \u003cem\u003efleuron\u003c\/em\u003e at the end of the work. A bilingual Dutch-French edition, with the translation presented in facing pages â€” Dutch on the left, French on the right. The text is set in round typeface.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopy nmissing almost all the leather in the spine, exposing the binding ribs for the raised bands, and with minor leather flaws in the covers. An ownership oleographic stamp reading â€˜Maj J-P Cardozoâ€™ on the title page. Water stains on the margins of some pages and small tears on the front endpaper. Shows signs of moth damage, slightly affecting the text on pages 61â€“90 without impeding reading.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA unique, rare and highly significant edition of this scientific monograph on the cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), the parasitic insect of the prickly pear cacti (Opuntia), whose exploitation in Mexico produced the highly sought-after carmine pigment â€” after silver, the most valuable export from the Americas to the Spanish Empire. The work was reviewed in the very year of its publication in the \u003cem\u003ePhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London\u003c\/em\u003e (vol. 36, 1729â€“1730) by W. Rutty, secretary of the society, which attests to the immediate attention it received in European scientific circles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe work is dedicated to Jan Six II (1668â€“1750), Lord of Hillegom and Vromade, mayor and councillor of the city of Amsterdam â€” son of the famous Jan Six I, immortalised in Rembrandtâ€™s portrait (1654) â€” a choice that highlights the importance of cochineal to Dutch trade networks. In the early 18th century, Amsterdam was the main European hub for the distribution of colonial goods, and cochineal carmine â€” the red pigment obtained by crushing and drying the female insects â€” fuelled the continentâ€™s textile and artistic industries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book is structured around a central debate: whether cochineal was an insect or the fruit of a plant. The physical appearance of dried cochinealâ€”small, grey, wrinkled grains, known in Spanish as \u003cem\u003egrana\u003c\/em\u003eâ€”had led most European botanists and merchants to mistake it for a seed or berry for almost two centuries. Although naturalists such as JosÃ© de Acosta and Antonio de Herrera had suggested an animal origin, the lack of visual evidence and the secrecy surrounding Mexican production kept the doubt alive. Ruusscher, who had lived for several years in Spain and had been in direct contact with sailors returning from New Spain, maintained that it was an animal. To settle the matter, he made a bet with a friend and proposed gathering two types of evidence to be submitted to four arbitrators (p. 41): sworn testimonies from producers and officials in the Oaxaca region, and direct observation under a microscope.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo obtain documentary evidence, Ruusscher asked his correspondent in Puerto de Santa MarÃ­a, Don Pedro CristÃ³bal de Reynoso y Mendoza, to have his son Don MartÃ­n gather statements in Antequera de Oaxaca, the main centre for trade and cochineal cultivation in New Spain. The documentary records, drawn up in October 1725, appear from page 49 onwards and comprise eight sworn statements from local growers and officials â€” including the testimony of an indigenous chieftain who was familiar with the entire production cycle â€”, three certificates from authorities and four notarised declarations. The testimonies describe the cultivation cycle and the three methods of obtaining the pigment â€” boiling, drying in ovens (temascales) and roasting on metal plates (comales) â€” each producing distinct shades, information of direct value to European dyers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the microscopic evidence, Ruusscher cites Nicolaas Hartsoeker (Gouda, 1656 â€“ Utrecht, 1725), who in 1694 had published in the Essai de Dioptrique the first microscopic observations of the cochineal, obtained using high-powered spherical lenses made from drops of molten glass â€” the same technique that had enabled him to observe human spermatozoa in 1677. Hartsoeker is cited in the opening lines of the text and on page 45. The pharmacist Nicolas LÃ©mery, author of the Dictionnaire universel des drogues, is also mentioned. To crown the demonstration, Ruusscher commissioned Jan Wandelaar to draw the cochineal under the microscope in the presence of two qualified witnesses, producing the chalcographic engraving that forms the centrepiece of the work.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final page contains lists of errata in three languages â€” Dutch, French and Spanish â€” reflecting the trilingual nature of the compiled materials: Ruusscherâ€™s bilingual Dutch-French text includes transcriptions of the original testimonies in Castilian.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelchior de Ruusscher (fl. 1729) was a Dutch merchant who lived in Spain for several years, where he came into contact with navigators and traders linked to the West Indies. This work, the only one known to have been written by him, arose from a personal dispute over the nature of the cochineal and constitutes a unique case in the history of science: the use of colonial legal documents and microscopic observation to settle a question of natural history with direct commercial implications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelchior de Ruusscher (active c. 1729) was a Dutch merchant who lived in Spain for several years, where he came into contact with navigators and traders linked to the West Indies. This work, the only one known to have been written by him, arose from a personal dispute over the nature of the cochineal and constitutes a unique case in the history of science: the use of colonial legal documents and microscopic observation to settle a question of natural history with direct commercial implications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJan Wandelaar (1690â€“1759) was a renowned Dutch draughtsman and engraver, celebrated for his extraordinary precision in 18th-century scientific illustration. Born in Amsterdam, he was a pupil of Jacob Folkema and Guilliam van der Gouwen, developing a style that combined technical rigour with a unique artistic sensibility. His career was marked by key collaborations with leading figures in science, such as Melchior de Ruysscher, for whom he illustrated the natural history of the cochineal, and Carl Linnaeus. However, his most famous legacy lies in his partnership with the anatomist Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, for whom he created the iconic engravings of the human skeleton and musculature, often accompanied by elaborate settings featuring exotic animals, elevating medical illustration to the status of a work of art.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferÃªncias\/References:\u003cbr\u003eBritish Library, \u003cspan data-qa=\"location-call-number\"\u003e440.i.7.(1.)\u003c\/span\u003e; 975.i.21.(1.).\u003cbr\u003eCatalogue BnF, FRBNF31132368.\u003cbr\u003eBiodiversity Heritage Library, Call Number: D527.D3 R88 1729, Bibliography 151181.\u003cbr\u003eJCB Archive of Early American Images, Call Number: F729 R982n \u003cbr\u003eRutty, W. 'The Natural History of Cochineal; Being an Account of a Book Entituled, Histoire Naturelle de La Cochenille'. Philosophical Transactions, vol. 36, n.Âº 413, 1729-1730, pp. 264-270.\u003cbr\u003eRiello, Giorgio. 'The Colour of Empire: Cochineal and Indigo in the Pre-modern World', in A Revolution in Colour: Natural Dyes\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Garimpo dos Livros","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":58295910400332,"sku":"2602SB008","price":9000.0,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1066\/5617\/0316\/files\/2602SB008_1.jpg?v=1785851566","url":"https:\/\/garimpodoslivros.com.br\/products\/natuerlyke-historie-van-de-couchenille-histoire-naturelle-de-la-cochenille","provider":"Garimpo dos Livros","version":"1.0","type":"link"}