{"product_id":"o-muata-cazembe","title":"O MUATA CAZEMBE","description":"\u003cp\u003eE OS POVOS MARAVES, CHÉVAS MUIZAS, MUEMBAS, LUNDAS E OUTROS DA AFRICA AUSTRAL. DIÁRIO DA EXPEDIÇÃO PORTUGUEZA COMMANDADA PELO MAJOR MONTEIRO, E DIRIGIDA AQUELLE IMPERADOR NOS ANNOS DE 1831 E 1832 REDIGIDO PELO MAJOR A. C. P. GAMITO. SEGUNDO COMANDANTE DA EXPEDIÇÃO COM UM MAPPA DO PAIZ OBSERVADO ENTRE TETE E LUNDA. LISBOA. IMPRENSA NACIONAL 1854.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 8.º de 21x13 cm com xxv, 501, [ii] págs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEncadernação artística da época, inteira de pele, com belos ferros decorativos gravados a ouro nas pastas, lombada e seixas, cortes dourados por folhas, assinada Ferin \u0026amp; Robin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlustrado com 22 litografias coloridas e um mapa desdobrável (45 x 28 cm).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagnífico exemplar da tiragem especial com as estampas coloridas. Trata-se da primeira edição da mais bela obra da tipografia portuguesa ilustrada sobre viagens de exploração no continente africano.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOs exemplares são raríssimos no mercado e quase sempre apresentam muitos defeitos. Julgamos que a edição constou apenas de 100 exemplares, sendo 20 coloridos manualmente a água-tinta.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUMA EXPEDIÇÃO PORTUGUESA AO REINO DO CAZEMBE\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO Cazembe, correspondendo hoje aproximadamente ao território do Katanga e parte da Zâmbia, formava um reino (ou império, como também é citado) que se constituía tradicionalmente como vassalo da cultura Luba-Lunda, e particularmente vassalo e representante simbólico do Império do Muata-Ianvo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO Muata Cazembe – literalmente Marechal Cazembe – era descendente do parentesco linhageiro matrilinear dos Lundas, assim como a sua restante corte e aristocracia. A importância geoestratégica do território do Cazembe deve-se a vários e revelantíssimos factores que explicam toda a organização social e económica das nações centrafricanas tais como: local de passagem das principais rotas comerciais percorridas durante séculos entre a costa oriental e ocidental pelos pombeiros (tidos como comerciantes em geral e comerciantes de escravos em particular); a sua existência no centro da região dos Grandes Lagos que lhes permitia a auto-subsistência; a dificuldade de passagem de estrangeiros pelas regiões pantanosas e doentias (tendo os portugueses falhado as inúmeras tentativas de travessia completa da África durante quase 400 anos); o monopólio do marfim imposto a outros reinos limítrofes do Cazembe; e a profunda riqueza em minas de cobre que permitiram ao Cazembe ser o principal “emissor” dessa moeda de troca africana (o valor relativo verifica-se na monografia de Gamito, quando este segundo comandante recebe 2 escravos de oferta, enquanto o comandante Monteiro recebe de oferta uma barra de cobre).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA riqueza em cobre, procurada e cartografada pela expedição de Gamitto, não é arrolada no texto, sendo escamoteada e referidas as várias outras riquezas do território, tais como as pastagens e outros aspectos da subsistência das populações.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO Muata Cazembe tinha um território que se estendia desde o rio Lualaba (situando-se a ocidente o reino Luba-Lunda, a norte o reino Luba, e a leste o território Luba-Bemba). Segundo os portugueses, o Muata tinha a possibilidade de arregimentar 20 mil homens.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOs portugueses esperavam estabelecer uma rota comercial no interior ligando os territórios de Angola e Moçambique. No entanto a geografia humana e as suas complexas relações de poder eram então desconhecidas. As rotas comerciais dos mercadores árabes encontravam-se bem estabelecidas para o interior. A única informação de fontes europeias era o diário de viagem do Dr. Lacerda que tinha morrido no Cazembe em 1798. As viagens levadas a cabo em 1831-32, e posteriormente em 1843-46, 1847-50 e 53 destinaram-se a estender o domínio português das zonas costeiras até ao interior, o que não fora efectivamente realizado nos tempos posteriores aos Descobrimentos. (vide 'As Viagens de Capello e Ivens', Teresa Bernardino, in Nação e Defesa).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO território do Império da Lunda, que exercia suserania sobre o Cazembe, tinha uma área de influência e até uma existência nominal, senão desconhecida, pelo menos muito discutida na época, omitindo os exploradores a palavra e o conceito de Lunda. Quando esta obra se encontrava já no prelo, foi recebida uma carta manuscrita de J. Rodrigues Graça, datada da Banza ou Muata Iamvo de 20 de Outubro de 1847. Continha o diário das viagens deste explorador desde o ano de 1843 (vide Vol. II pág. 205). Gamitto menciona nas notas finais comparativas do seu diário, que este viajante (Vol. II, pág. 210) fala de Matianvo, mas nunca refere Lunda ou Lundas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamitto entende chamar Lunda à capital do Cazembe, colocando essa denominação no final do mapa-itinerário em extra-texto. Posteriormente Capelo e Ivens (De Angola à Contra-costa, 1886, pág. 16) referem que 'Correia Monteiro e António Gamitto empreendem e levam a cabo uma viagem do Zambeze à Lunda do Cazembe'. Dever-se-ia dizer, stritu sensu, o Cazembe da Lunda. Contudo até ao final do século XIX as relações políticas na África Central são confusas para os europeus. Gamito procura esclarecer estas relações entre os nativos de costa a costa, demonstrando correctamente as relações de suserania, remetendo para as partes do texto do diário onde próprio autor já tinha efectuado esse levantamento (vide 1º edição págs. 335, 348, 349 e 486; idem vide tradução de Cunnisson Vol. II, pág. 204 e seguintes); e não esquecendo de mencionar a própria subsidiariedade (segundo o conceito nativo) do Rei de Portugal (dito reino do Muene Puto) ao Império da Lunda.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA abordagem histórica actual (vide Kisangani \u0026amp; Scott, 2010, lvii) refere \"the Lunda Empire and its Kazembe offshoot (...) Lunda subcultures, one this was Kazembe\" (o Império Lunda e o seu ramo Kazembe (...) As subculturas Lunda, uma das quais era Kazembe). Os mesmos autores referindo-se às expedições de Lacerda dizem: 'Portuguese merchants made contact with Kazembe after the Empire had already existed for more than 50 years' (Os comerciantes portugueses estabeleceram contacto com os Kazembe depois de o Império já existir há mais de 50 anos).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA primeira edição - da qual apresentamos este magnífico exemplar - é um item de grande valor dado possuir um texto primorosamente impresso e raríssimas gravuras coloridas, com quadros de dados preciosos para o entendimento das relações económicas de poder entre o Império da Lunda e os seus reinos tributários; por apresentar um quadro descritivo da marcha da expedição, o qual foi expressamente omisso nas edições do século XX; e ainda pelo facto de conter no texto as remissões do autor e do editor para as partes fulcrais do texto onde se esclarecem as relações de suserania e vassalagem acima mencionadas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSobretudo podemos afirmar que esta obra constitui uma importante fonte histórica e etnográfica para o conhecimento dos povos que habitavam estes territórios da África Central nesta época.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNa história do colonialismo europeu o momento fulcral da expedição ocorre com a chegada à capital do Cazembe, à qual os exploradores chamam Lunda, tratando-se na verdade de uma Lunda latu sensu:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Muata Cazembe \/ King Kazembe: vide November 9, […] [EN] We reached the small Chimpili Hill. The place where we are belongs belongs to the Fumo-Nsipo, who is a Chilolo of second rank. We are awaiting orders from the Mwata to march to Lunda. […] [PT] Novembro 9 […] Chegámos à pequena serra Chempire. O logar onde estamos, pertence ao Fumo Insipo, o qual é um Quilôlo de segunda ordem. Esperamos a ordem do Muata para marcharmos para Lunda. […].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTendo a expedição atingido a capital, não foi, no entanto, autorizada a prosseguir para oeste, para a Lunda no sentido propriamente dito, e chegar à costa ocidental africana. O Muata Cazembe não se contentou com tecidos, missangas e quinquilharias. As espingardas eram conhecidas e utilizadas pelos cazembes na caça ao elefante e o rei necessitava de toda a pólvora possível. Desconfiou que os viajantes escondiam a pólvora (o que percebemos pelo Diário de Gamitto que era verdade). O Muata ordenou um bloqueio completo dos contactos e das trocas do seu povo com a expedição. Uma vez que não desejava tocar nos exploradores, dirigiu as suas ameaças aos seus súbditos, torturando-os quando se aproximavam da expedição, o que impressionou profundamente os europeus, levando-os finalmente ao seu retrocesso para Tete. Eugenia W. Herbert, in \"Red Gold of Africa. Cooper in Precolonial History and Culture\" diz: «Despotic Kazembe had ruined, through his wars, the lands from which ivory, cooper and green stone came» (O despótico Kazembe tinha arruinado, através das suas guerras, as terras de onde provinham o marfim, o cobre e a pedra verde).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA partir de 1860 o Cazembe entra em declínio com o fim do primeiro Império da Lunda. O seu comércio de cobre e de marfim foram tomados pelos comerciantes Msiri e Tippu Tip, os quais atacaram e mataram o Muata Kazembe VIII. Até à morte de Msiri, em 1890, este interferiu na sucessão dos Muatas Cazembe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEm 1894 o vale do Luapula e as margens ocidentais do lago Meru foram divididas entre a Rodésia Nordeste (administrada pela British South Africa Company) e o erradamente denominado Estado Livre do Congo pertencente à Bélgica, tratando-se do maior paradigma de divisão colonial, ignorando a existência de uma nação e de um povo, e dividindo o território ao meio. Os belgas nomearam chefes que não estavam subordinados ao Muata Cazembe e à sua estrutura tradicional, mas que pertenciam à estrutura dos Luba-Lundas, anterior aos cazembes, chamados 'os donos-da-terra'. Os ingleses nomearam funcionários estabelecendo uma 'indirect rule', onde a justiça tradicional dos chefes pele-de-leopardo perdeu a sua autoridade. Nos séculos XIX e XX foi aberta a exploração intensiva do cobre, transportado através das linhas transcontinentais, tais como o Caminho-de-ferro de Benguela, escoando as riquezas até ambas as costas africanas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e«António Cândido Pedroso Gamitto, natural de Setúbal, n. em 1806, Major do Exército, e Cavaleiro da Ordem de S. Bento de Avis etc. etc. Serviu militarmente por mais de dezassete anos na província de Moçambique, para a qual foi despachado Alferes em 1825. Ainda em 1853, sendo Governador da torre do Outão, teve de voltar a Africa, nomeado Governador do districto de Tete, cujo lugar exerceu por tempos. Tem publicados vários artigos no \u003cem\u003eArchivo Pittoresco\u003c\/em\u003e, 1857-1858, fruto das suas observações e da experiência adquirida durante a sua demorada residência nos diversos países da Africa oriental.»\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamitto, segundo comandante da expedição, era um observador com um interesse genuíno pelos costumes e tradições dos povos que encontrava. A sua narrativa regista informações etnográficas valiosas sobre os Malawi, os Cewa e Tumbuka, os Bisa, os Lunda e os Bemba. Gamitto foi o primeiro a referir que os Malawi eram matrilineares e descreveu com todo o pormenor vários processos técnicos e costumes que, entretanto, desapareceram.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[EN] In octavo. 21x13 cm. xxv, 501, [ii] pp.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContemporary full gold-tooled black sheepskin binding, with gilt edges signed by Ferin \u0026amp; Robin. A very fine copy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIllustrated with 22 hand-coloured lithographed plates, and a folding lithographed map (45 x 28 cm), hand-coloured in outline.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMagnificent copy of the special edition with the coloured prints. This is the first edition of the most beautiful illustrated work of Portuguese typography on voyages of exploration on the African continent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopies are very rare on the market and almost always have many defects. We believe that the edition consisted of only 100 copies, 20 of which were hand-coloured in ink.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA PORTUGUESE EXPEDITION TO THE KINGDOM OF KAZEMBE […].\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Cazembe, corresponding today roughly to the territory of Katanga and part of Zambia, formed a kingdom (or empire, as it is also referred to) that was traditionally constituted as a vassal of the Luba-Lunda culture, and particularly vassal and symbolic representative of the Muata-Ianvo Empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Muata Cazembe - literally Marshal Cazembe - was descended from the matrilineal lineage of the Lundas, as was his court and aristocracy. The geostrategic importance of Cazembe's territory is due to several revealing factors that explain the entire social and economic organisation of the Central African nations, such as: the crossing point of the main trade routes travelled for centuries between the east and west coasts by the \u003cem\u003epombeiros\u003c\/em\u003e (considered to be traders in general and slave traders in particular); their existence in the centre of the Great Lakes region, which allowed them to be self-sufficient; the difficulty of foreigners passing through the swampy and diseased regions (the Portuguese having failed in their numerous attempts to cross Africa completely for almost 400 years); the ivory monopoly imposed on other kingdoms bordering Cazembe; and the deep wealth in copper mines that allowed Cazembe to be the main \"issuer\" of this African currency (the relative value is seen in Gamito's monograph, when the second commander receives two slaves as a gift, while the commander Monteiro receives one bar of copper as a gift).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe copper wealth sought and mapped by Gamitto's expedition is not listed in the text, but the various other riches of the territory, such as pastures and other aspects of the people's subsistence, are glossed over.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Muata Cazembe had a territory that stretched from the Lualaba River (to the west the Luba-Lunda kingdom, to the north the Luba kingdom, and to the east the Luba-Bemba territory). According to the Portuguese, the Muata had the ability to gather 20,000 men.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Portuguese hoped to establish an inland trade route linking the territories of Angola and Mozambique. However, human geography and its complex power relations were unknown at the time. The trade routes of the Arab merchants were well established towards the interior. The only information from European sources was the travel diary of Dr Lacerda, who had died in Cazembe in 1798. The voyages undertaken in 1831-32, and later in 1843-46, 1847-50 and 53 were intended to extend Portuguese rule from the coastal areas to the interior, something that had not really been done in the time after the Discoveries. (vide 'As Viagens de Capello e Ivens', Teresa Bernardino, in Nação e Defesa).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe territory of the Lunda Empire, which exercised suzerainty over Cazembe, had an area of influence and even a nominal existence, if not unknown, at least much discussed at the time, with explorers omitting the word and concept of Lunda. When this work was already in press, a handwritten letter was received from J. Rodrigues Graça, dated Banza or Muata Iamvo on 20 October 1847. It contained a diary of the explorer's travels since 1843 (see Vol. II, p. 205). Gamitto mentions in the comparative endnotes of his diary that this traveller (Vol. II, p. 210) speaks of Matianvo, but never mentions Lunda or the Lundas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamitto decided to call Lunda to the capital of Cazembe, putting this name at the end of the \u003cem\u003ehors-texte\u003c\/em\u003e itinerary map. Later Capelo and Ivens (De Angola à Contra-costa, 1886, p. 16) state that 'Correia Monteiro and António Gamitto undertook and carried out a journey from Zambezi to Lunda do Cazembe'. One should say, stritu sensu, the Cazembe of the Lunda. However, until the end of the 19th century, political relations in Central Africa were confusing for Europeans. Gamito tries to clarify these relations between the natives from coast to coast, correctly demonstrating the relations of suzerainty, referring to the parts of the text of the diary where the author himself had already made this survey (see 1st edition pp. 335, 348, 349 and 486; idem see translation by Cunnisson Vol. II, p. 204 and following); and not forgetting to mention the very subsidiarity (according to the native concept) of the King of Portugal (said to be the kingdom of Muene Puto) to the Empire of the Lunda.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current historical approach (see Kisangani \u0026amp; Scott, 2010, lvii) refers to \"the Lunda Empire and its Kazembe offshoot (...) Lunda subcultures, one this was Kazembe\". The same authors, referring to Lacerda's expeditions, say: 'Portuguese merchants made contact with Kazembe after the Empire had already existed for more than 50 years'.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first edition - of which we present this magnificent copy - is an item of great value as it has an exquisitely printed text and very rare coloured engravings, with tables of precious data for understanding the economic relations of power between the Lunda Empire and its tributary kingdoms; for presenting a descriptive table of the expedition's progress, which was expressly omitted from 20th century editions; and also for the fact that the text contains the author's and publisher's references to the key parts of the text where the aforementioned relations of suzerainty and vassalage are clarified.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of all, we can say that this work is an important historical and ethnographic source for our knowledge of the peoples who inhabited these territories of Central Africa at this time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the history of European colonialism, the pivotal moment of the expedition occurs with the arrival in the capital of Cazembe, which the explorers call Lunda, but which is actually a Lunda latu sensu:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Muata Cazembe \/ King Kazembe: vide November 9, […] We reached the small Chimpili Hill. The place where we are belongs belongs to the Fumo-Nsipo, who is a Chilolo of second rank. We are awaiting orders from the Mwata to march to Lunda. […]\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the expedition had reached the capital, it was not, however, authorised to continue west, to Lunda in the proper sense, and reach the west African coast. The Muata Cazembe was not content with cloth, beads and trinkets. Rifles were known and used by the Cazembes for elephant hunting and the king needed as much gunpowder as possible. He suspected that the travellers were hiding the gunpowder (which we understand from Gamitto's diary was true). The Muata ordered a complete blockade of his people's contacts and exchanges with the expedition. Since he didn't want to touch the explorers, he threatened his subjects, torturing them as they approached the expedition, which deeply impressed the Europeans and finally led them to retreat to Tete. Eugenia W. Herbert, in \"Red Gold of Africa. Cooper in Precolonial History and Culture\" says: \"Despotic Kazembe had ruined, through his wars, the lands from which ivory, cooper and green stone came\".\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter 1860, Cazembe went into decline with the end of the First Lunda Empire. Its copper and ivory trade was taken over by the merchants Msiri and Tippu Tip, who attacked and killed Muata Kazembe VIII. Until Msiri's death in 1890, he interfered in the succession of the Muata Kazembe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1894 the Luapula valley and the western shores of Lake Meru were divided between North-Eastern Rhodesia (administered by the British South Africa Company) and the erroneously named Congo Free State belonging to Belgium. This was the greatest paradigm of colonial division, ignoring the existence of a nation and a people, and dividing the territory in half. The Belgians appointed chiefs who were not subordinate to the Muata Cazembe and its traditional structure, but who belonged to the structure of the Luba-Lundas, which predated the Cazembes, called 'the owners of the land'. The British appointed officials establishing 'indirect rule', where the traditional justice of the leopard-skin chiefs lost its authority. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the intensive exploitation of copper was opened up, transported via transcontinental lines such as the Benguela railway, draining the wealth to both African coasts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\"António Cândido Pedroso Gamitto, born in Setúbal in 1806, Major in the Army and Knight of the Order of St Benedict of Avis etc. etc. He served for more than seventeen years in the province of Mozambique, to which he was commissioned Ensign in 1825. Still in 1853, as Governor of the Outão tower, he had to return to Africa, appointed Governor of the Tete district, a post he held for some time. He has published several articles in \u003cem\u003eArchivo Pittoresco\u003c\/em\u003e, 1857-1858, consequence of his observations and experience acquired during his lengthy residence in the various countries of East Africa.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGamitto, second-in-command of the expedition, was an observant traveller with a genuine interest in the customs and traditions of the peoples he encountered. His narrative registers valuable ethnographic information on the Malawi, the Cewa and Tumbuka, the Bisa, the Lunda, and the Bemba. Gamitto was the first to report that the Malawi were matrilineal and described in full detail several technical processes and customs that have since disappeared.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferências\/References:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMendelssohn I, p.586;\u003cbr\u003e not in Gay, Bibl. de l\"Afrique et l\"Arabe; \u003cbr\u003ecf. Cunnison, 'Kazembe and the Portuguese 1798-1832', in: Journal of African History, vol. 2 (1961), no. 1, pp. 61-76; \u003cbr\u003eMarwick, 'An Ethnographic Classic Brought to Light', in: Africa vol. 34 (Jan. 1964), no. 1, pp. 46-56.\u003cbr\u003e Inocêncio, VII, 103, VI, 135 \u003cbr\u003eCordier Japonica 1912: 401, 402; \u003cbr\u003eHubbard \u0026amp; Walter 1994: OAG 96; \u003cbr\u003eLaures 1957: 623; \u003cbr\u003ePagès 1859: 351; \u003cbr\u003eSoares: I 136-138. \u003cbr\u003eStreit VI, 1445; \u003cbr\u003eReiss \u0026amp; Auvermann, Auction 40; \u003cbr\u003eBarry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Garimpo dos Livros","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":58294681469260,"sku":"1103CS016","price":54000.0,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1066\/5617\/0316\/files\/1103CS016_1.jpg?v=1785845065","url":"https:\/\/garimpodoslivros.com.br\/products\/o-muata-cazembe","provider":"Garimpo dos Livros","version":"1.0","type":"link"}