{"product_id":"the-variation-of-animals-and-plants-under-domestication","title":"THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.","description":"\u003cp\u003eBy CHARLES DARWIN, M. A., F. R. S. \u0026amp;c. IN TWO VOLUMES. â€” Vol. I. [Vol. II] With Illustrations. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBAMARLE STREET. 1868.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 Volumes in 8.Âº de 23x15 cm. Com viii, 411, [i], 32; viii, 486, [ii] pÃ¡gs. EncadernaÃ§Ãµes do editor em tela encerada verde com ferros a ouro na lombada. Folhas de guarda originais em papel preto.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlustrado no texto com 43 xilogravuras e algumas tabelas, apenas no primeiro volume.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExemplar com etiquetas de cota na lombada e falta de partes das folhas de rosto, recortadas por motivo da obliteraÃ§Ã£o de assinatura de posse, afetando o texto. O primeiro volume tem ainda falta das folhas com as pÃ¡gs.: 129\/130 e 371\/372; o segundo com as pÃ¡gs.: 113\/114, 171\/172 e 417\/418. Inclui reproduÃ§Ãµes fotocopiadas das mesmas. Apresenta assinaturas de posse Ã  cabeÃ§a de algumas pÃ¡ginas, em ambos os volumes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo segundo volume a pÃ¡gina 299 estÃ¡ numerada 259.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimeiras pÃ¡ginas em numeraÃ§Ã£o romana com lista de obras do autor, no verso das folhas de rosto, e Ã­ndice de conteÃºdos, em ambos os volumes. O segundo volume inclui, a partir da pÃ¡gina 433, um Ã­ndice remissivo a duas colunas. Cada volume tem, no final, uma lista de obras disponÃ­veis para venda do editor, nas Ãºltimas 32 pÃ¡ginas numeradas do primeiro e nas Ãºltimas duas nÃ£o numeradas do segundo. Apresentam as seguintes datas: Vol. I - Â«February 1871Â»; Vol. II - Â«February 1868Â».\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExemplar da 2.Âª tiragem da primeira ediÃ§Ã£o, com o nome do editor gravado numa Ãºnica linha no pÃ© das lombadas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA primeira ediÃ§Ã£o desta obra teve duas tiragens: a primeira, com 1500 exemplares, foi publicada a 30 de Janeiro; a segunda, com 1250 exemplares, foi publicada em Fevereiro e teve ligeiras alteraÃ§Ãµes na composiÃ§Ã£o tipogrÃ¡fica. A primeira distingue-se por ter 5 erratas em 6 linhas na p. vi do vol. I; 7 erratas na p. viii do vol. II; e o nome do editor gravado numa Ãºnica linha no pÃ© das lombadas. A segunda tiragem distingue-se por ter apenas uma Ãºnica errata no primeiro volume, tambÃ©m na p. vi, e nenhuma errata no segundo volume. Existem variantes desta tiragem, que diferem ao nÃ­vel da encadernaÃ§Ã£o, com o nome do editor gravado numa ou em duas linhas, no pÃ© da lombada; mas tambÃ©m pelas datas que constam dos anÃºncios inseridos no final dos volumes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSOBRE A OBRA\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObra rara. Publicada em 1868, esta Ã© uma das mais extensas obras de Darwin. Fundamental para a compreensÃ£o da teoria da seleÃ§Ã£o natural de Darwin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepresenta um prolongamento significativo da seminal Â«\u003cem\u003eOn the Origin of Species\u003c\/em\u003eÂ» (A Origem das EspÃ©cies), de 1859, oferecendo uma visÃ£o aprofundada das teorias de Darwin acerca dos mecanismos subjacentes Ã  variaÃ§Ã£o entre indivÃ­duos de uma espÃ©cie sob domesticaÃ§Ã£o. Trata-se da expansÃ£o dos primeiros dois capÃ­tulos da \u003cem\u003eOrigem, \u003c\/em\u003econstituindo, aliÃ¡s, a Ãºnica secÃ§Ã£o publicada do projetado Â«grande livroÂ» de Darwin sobre a origem das espÃ©cies, do qual a \u003cem\u003eOrigem\u003c\/em\u003e seria apenas um resumo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eÃ‰ especialmente notÃ¡vel pela teoria sobre hereditariedade, (hoje posta de lado) que Darwin designou por \u003cem\u003epangenesis\u003c\/em\u003e (pangÃ©nese). A obra Ã© tambÃ©m citada como a primeira em que Darwin inclui a frase Â«\u003cem\u003esurvival of the fittest\u003c\/em\u003eÂ» (sobrevivÃªncia do mais apto), cunhada pelo filÃ³sofo e sociÃ³logo Herbert Spencer ao ler a \u003cem\u003eOrigem,\u003c\/em\u003e que teria terrÃ­veis usos durante o sÃ©culo XX, servindo de suporte a ideologias racistas, ao Holocausto e a muitas guerras e abusos contra os direitos humanos.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAo examinar as prÃ¡ticas de seleÃ§Ã£o artificial na origem de novas raÃ§as de animais e variedades de plantas, Darwin elucida como estes mesmos princÃ­pios se aplicam na natureza, moldando a evoluÃ§Ã£o das espÃ©cies ao longo do tempo; ou seja, clarifica a noÃ§Ã£o de seleÃ§Ã£o natural atravÃ©s da descriÃ§Ã£o da prÃ¡tica da reproduÃ§Ã£o selectiva. Nestes dois volumes, sÃ£o abordados os avanÃ§os numa sÃ©rie de espÃ©cies de culturas arvenses, hortÃ­colas, pecuÃ¡rias e de animais domesticados, especialmente pombos; os efeitos benÃ©ficos do cruzamento e os efeitos adversos da consanguinidade estreita. AlÃ©m disso, Darwin desenvolveu a sua hipÃ³tese da pangÃ©nese para preencher a lacuna que justificava a forma como a variabilidade era herdada.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA pangÃ©nese foi o mecanismo hipotÃ©tico de Charles Darwin para a hereditariedade, no qual ele propÃ´s que cada parte do corpo emitia continuamente o seu prÃ³prio tipo de pequenas partÃ­culas orgÃ¢nicas chamadas \u003cem\u003egÃ©mulas\u003c\/em\u003e, que sÃ£o depois transmitidas aos Ã³rgÃ£os reprodutores e passadas aos descendentes. AtravÃ©s deste mecanismo, as variaÃ§Ãµes adquiridas pelos indivÃ­duos durante a sua vida poderiam ser herdadas pelas geraÃ§Ãµes seguintes, contribuindo para a diversidade de caracterÃ­sticas numa populaÃ§Ã£o.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDa pangÃ©nese sÃ³ ficou, por dela provir, o Ã©timo do termo \u003cem\u003egene\u003c\/em\u003e, pois foi completamente posta de lado pela GenÃ©tica Mendeliana, assim designada a partir do apelido do seu genial descobridor Gregor Mendel, frade da Ordem de Santo Agostinho, que forma a base principal da genÃ©tica clÃ¡ssica.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo final do livro, Darwin contesta diretamente os argumentos apresentados contra as suas teorias de variabilidade, por diversos sectores, em especial a Igreja Anglicana, sugerindo que a seleÃ§Ã£o natural ou a aÃ§Ã£o humana, e nÃ£o uma intervenÃ§Ã£o divina, moldam as formas de vida.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAtualmente, vÃ¡rios avanÃ§os da genÃ©tica (como a mutaÃ§Ã£o artificial, a poliploidia, a adaptaÃ§Ã£o e os marcadores genÃ©ticos) ampliaram a disciplina com conceitos e questÃµes, cujas sementes se encontram nas palavras originais de Darwin. Assiste-se a um florescimento da investigaÃ§Ã£o genÃ³mica sobre o prÃ³prio processo de domesticaÃ§Ã£o, sendo muito curioso notar como a nossa visÃ£o da diversidade domÃ©stica contrasta com a dos escritos de Darwin. Este sublinhava a abundÃ¢ncia da diversidade e o poder diversificador da seleÃ§Ã£o artificial, ao passo que hoje em dia, estamos preocupados com a diminuiÃ§Ã£o da diversidade genÃ©tica que acompanha a agricultura moderna.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharles Robert Darwin (Shrewsbury, 1809 â€“ Downe, 1882) foi um naturalista inglÃªs famoso pela sua teoria da evoluÃ§Ã£o atravÃ©s da seleÃ§Ã£o natural. Desde cedo demonstrou interesse pela histÃ³ria natural. Depois de se formar em Teologia na Universidade de Cambridge, embarcou numa jornada Ã©pica a bordo do HMS Beagle, onde recolheu uma vasta gama de espÃ©cimes e observaÃ§Ãµes que influenciaram profundamente o seu pensamento.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublicou a sua obra muito cÃ©lebre, Â«A Origem das EspÃ©ciesÂ», em 1859, onde propÃ´s que todas as espÃ©cies de seres vivos descendem de ancestrais comuns e que a seleÃ§Ã£o natural Ã© o mecanismo primÃ¡rio responsÃ¡vel pela evoluÃ§Ã£o das espÃ©cies ao longo do tempo. A teoria de Darwin teve um impacto revolucionÃ¡rio nÃ£o sÃ³ no campo da biologia, mas tambÃ©m nas ciÃªncias humanas, desafiando conceÃ§Ãµes prevalecentes sobre a origem e a diversidade da vida na Terra.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlÃ©m das suas contribuiÃ§Ãµes cientÃ­ficas, Darwin era tambÃ©m um escritor e correspondente prolÃ­fico. O seu trabalho continua a ser estudado e debatido atÃ© aos dias de hoje, estabelecendo o seu lugar como um dos pensadores mais influentes da histÃ³ria da ciÃªncia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[EN] 2 Volumes in octavo. 23x15 cm. viii, 411, [i], 32; viii, 486, [ii] pp. Publisher's binding in green waxed canvas with gilt lettering on the spine. Original black endpapers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIllustrated in the text with 43 woodcuts and some tables, only in the first volume.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopy with library shelf labels on the spine and parts of the title pages missing, cut out due to the obliteration of the ownership title, affecting the text. The first volume also lacks pages 129\/130 and 371\/372; the second volume lacks pages 113\/114, 171\/172 and 417\/418. Includes photocopied reproductions. There are handwritten ownership titles at the head of some pages in both volumes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the second volume, page 299 is numbered 259.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst pages in Roman numerals with a list of the author's works on the back of the title pages and an index of contents in both volumes. The second volume includes a two-column index from page 433 onwards. At the end of each volume there is a list of the publisher's works available for sale, on the last 32 numbered pages of the first and the last two unnumbered pages of the second. They bear the following dates: Vol. I - \"February 1871\"; Vol. II - \"February 1868\".\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopy from the 2nd print run of the first edition, with the publisher's name engraved in a single line at the foot of the spines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first edition of this work had two print runs: the first, with 1500 copies, was published on 30 January; the second, with 1250 copies, was published in February and had slight changes to the typesetting. The first was distinguished by having 5 errata in 6 lines on p. vi of vol. I; 7 errata on p. viii of vol. II; and the publisher's name engraved in a single line at the foot of the spines. The second print run is distinguished by having only a single errata in the first volume, also on p. vi, and no errata in the second volume. There are variants of this print run, which differ in terms of the binding, with the publisher's name engraved in one or two lines at the foot of the spine; but also in terms of the dates given in the adverts at the end of the volumes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eABOUT THE WORK\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRare work. Published in 1868, this is one of Darwin's most extensive works. Fundamental to understanding Darwin's theory of natural selection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepresents a significant prolongation of the seminal Â«\u003cem\u003eOn the Origin of Species\u003c\/em\u003eÂ»from 1859, offering an in-depth look at Darwin's theories about the mechanisms underlying variation between individuals of a species under domestication. It is an expansion of the first two chapters of \u003cem\u003eOn the Origin,\u003c\/em\u003e was, in fact, the only published section of Darwin's projected \"great book\" on the origin of species, of which the \u003cem\u003eOn the Origin\u003c\/em\u003e was only a summary.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is especially notable for the theory of heredity, (today set aside) that Darwin called \u003cem\u003epangenesis\u003c\/em\u003e. The work is also cited as the first in which Darwin includes the phrase \"\u003cem\u003e of the fittest\u003c\/em\u003e\", made famous by the philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer when he read the \u003cem\u003eOn the Origin,\u003c\/em\u003e which would have terrible uses during the 20th century, serving as support for racist ideologies, the Holocaust and many wars and abuses against human rights.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy examining the practices of artificial selection in the origin of new breeds of animals and varieties of plants, Darwin elucidates how these same principles apply in nature, moulding the evolution of species over time; in other words, he clarifies the notion of natural selection by describing the practice of selective breeding. In these two volumes, advances in a range of arable, horticultural, livestock and domesticated animal species, especially pigeons, are discussed; the beneficial effects of cross-breeding and the adverse effects of close inbreeding. In addition, Darwin developed his hypothesis of pangenesis to fill the gap in justifying how variability was inherited.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePangenesis was Charles Darwin's hypothesised mechanism for heredity, in which he proposed that each part of the body continuously emitted its own type of small organic particles called \u003cem\u003eGemmule\u003c\/em\u003e which are then transmitted to the reproductive organs and passed on to the offspring. Through this mechanism, variations acquired by individuals during their lifetime could be inherited by subsequent generations, contributing to the diversity of characteristics in a population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnly the term \u003cem\u003egene\u003c\/em\u003e was left over from pangenesis, since it was completely set aside by Mendelian Genetics, named after the surname of its brilliant discoverer Gregor Mendel, a friar of the Order of St Augustine, which forms the main basis of classical genetics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the book, Darwin directly contests the arguments put forward against his theories of variability by various sectors, in particular the Anglican Church, suggesting that natural selection or human action, rather than divine intervention, moulds life forms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToday, various advances in genetics (such as artificial mutation, polyploidy, adaptation and genetic markers) have expanded the discipline with concepts and questions, the seeds of which can be found in Darwin's original words. Genomic research into the domestication process itself is flourishing, and it is very curious to note how our view of domestic diversity contrasts with Darwin's writings. He emphasised the abundance of diversity and the diversifying power of artificial selection, whereas today we are concerned about the decrease in genetic diversity that accompanies modern agriculture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharles Robert Darwin (Shrewsbury, 1809 - Downe, 1882) was an English naturalist famous for his theory of evolution through natural selection. From an early age he showed an interest in natural history. After graduating in Theology from Cambridge University, he embarked on an epic voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, where he collected a vast array of specimens and observations that profoundly influenced his thinking.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe published his very famous work, \"The Origin of Species\", in 1859, where he proposed that all species of living beings descend from common ancestors and that natural selection is the primary mechanism responsible for the evolution of species over time. Darwin's theory had a revolutionary impact not only in the field of biology, but also in the human sciences, challenging prevailing conceptions about the origin and diversity of life on Earth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his scientific contributions, Darwin was also a prolific writer and correspondent. His work continues to be studied and debated to this day, establishing his place as one of the most influential thinkers in the history of science.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferÃªncias\/References:\u003cbr\u003eFreeman 877, 878, 878b.\u003cbr\u003eNorman 597.\u003cbr\u003eGarrison-Morton 224.1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Garimpo dos Livros","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":58296208032076,"sku":"2404SB020","price":3000.0,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1066\/5617\/0316\/files\/2404SB020_1.jpg?v=1785854211","url":"https:\/\/garimpodoslivros.com.br\/products\/the-variation-of-animals-and-plants-under-domestication","provider":"Garimpo dos Livros","version":"1.0","type":"link"}